ESCC 7 The Anaerobic Glycolytic Energy System
... reactions and physiological processes that produce the compound ATP from substrate. This ATP is used to fuel muscular contractions. The system is classified as anaerobic because of the fact that oxygen is not involved in these reactions. It is called the glycolytic system in reference to the process ...
... reactions and physiological processes that produce the compound ATP from substrate. This ATP is used to fuel muscular contractions. The system is classified as anaerobic because of the fact that oxygen is not involved in these reactions. It is called the glycolytic system in reference to the process ...
Sterilization & Disinfection
... Because UV radiation can damage the cornea and skin, the use of UV irradiation in medicine is limited. However, it is used in hospitals to kill airborne organisms, especially in operating rooms when they are not in use. Bacterial spores are quite resistant and require a dose up to 10 times greater t ...
... Because UV radiation can damage the cornea and skin, the use of UV irradiation in medicine is limited. However, it is used in hospitals to kill airborne organisms, especially in operating rooms when they are not in use. Bacterial spores are quite resistant and require a dose up to 10 times greater t ...
Practical part
... cells, homogenates, subcellular organelles, extracts and molecular biocomplexes. 9. Clinical and diagnostic significance of biochemical investigation. 10. Biological material used in biochemical investigations. 11. Errors in biochemical investigations. Essay of the history of biochemistry unit Unit ...
... cells, homogenates, subcellular organelles, extracts and molecular biocomplexes. 9. Clinical and diagnostic significance of biochemical investigation. 10. Biological material used in biochemical investigations. 11. Errors in biochemical investigations. Essay of the history of biochemistry unit Unit ...
Chapter 3 The Same 20 Amino Acids Serve as Building Blocks for
... 1.1.1 Many thousands of enzymes have been discovered, each catalyzing a different kind of chemical reaction. 1.1.2 Life would not occur without enzyme catalysis. 1.1.3 Enzymes are the most varied and most highly specialized proteins. ...
... 1.1.1 Many thousands of enzymes have been discovered, each catalyzing a different kind of chemical reaction. 1.1.2 Life would not occur without enzyme catalysis. 1.1.3 Enzymes are the most varied and most highly specialized proteins. ...
Understanding an Enzyme Active Site
... Protein secondary structure (alpha helices and beta sheets) provides that stable scaffolding upon which the critical active site amino acids can be precisely positioned in 3D space. The 2-3 amino acids that come together in 3D space to create an enzyme active site are very far apart in the linear se ...
... Protein secondary structure (alpha helices and beta sheets) provides that stable scaffolding upon which the critical active site amino acids can be precisely positioned in 3D space. The 2-3 amino acids that come together in 3D space to create an enzyme active site are very far apart in the linear se ...
genetics ch 7 [10-31
... substation of glutamate for lysine (can be caused by substitution, insertion, and deletion mutations, but far less common) o Testing for MCAD has been added to some NBSs in U.S. Long-chain acyl-CoA fatty acid metabolism – first step controlled by long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) o Next ste ...
... substation of glutamate for lysine (can be caused by substitution, insertion, and deletion mutations, but far less common) o Testing for MCAD has been added to some NBSs in U.S. Long-chain acyl-CoA fatty acid metabolism – first step controlled by long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) o Next ste ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
... other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
Fatty acid composition of some common oils and fats from plant
... Fatty acids: Common long-chain carboxylic acids are shown in table 3.1 Some key points about fatty acid structure & properties: 1) The number of C in the chain is always even Biosynthesis by the acetate pathway involves condensation of decarboxylated malonyl esters contributing 2C each 2) Saturated ...
... Fatty acids: Common long-chain carboxylic acids are shown in table 3.1 Some key points about fatty acid structure & properties: 1) The number of C in the chain is always even Biosynthesis by the acetate pathway involves condensation of decarboxylated malonyl esters contributing 2C each 2) Saturated ...
Topic 3
... Please note that the image above displays neurons in a way that can perpetuate a misconception: The Action Potential does NOT occur throughout the entire neuron instantly, but instead… the Action Potential will exist in a small portion of the neuron and will travel along the length of the neuron. ...
... Please note that the image above displays neurons in a way that can perpetuate a misconception: The Action Potential does NOT occur throughout the entire neuron instantly, but instead… the Action Potential will exist in a small portion of the neuron and will travel along the length of the neuron. ...
digestion
... definition of digestion: -the process of break down food to release its nutrients for absorption & transport to the cell for use in the body . *peristalsis: Wave like progression of contraction & relaxation . **types of GIT secretion: -1-Enzymes: chemical action e.g. lipase ,amylase . ...
... definition of digestion: -the process of break down food to release its nutrients for absorption & transport to the cell for use in the body . *peristalsis: Wave like progression of contraction & relaxation . **types of GIT secretion: -1-Enzymes: chemical action e.g. lipase ,amylase . ...
Document
... Is the flow of lactate and glucose between the muscles and the liver. Occurs when anaerobic conditions occur in active muscle and glycolysis produces lactate. Operates when lactate moves through the blood stream to the liver, where it is oxidized back to pyruvate. Converts pyruvate to glucos ...
... Is the flow of lactate and glucose between the muscles and the liver. Occurs when anaerobic conditions occur in active muscle and glycolysis produces lactate. Operates when lactate moves through the blood stream to the liver, where it is oxidized back to pyruvate. Converts pyruvate to glucos ...
Practical exercises INSA course: modelling integrated
... Another level of regulation of diauxic growth involves the enzymes catalyzing metabolic reactions and the proteins making up substrate transport systems. In many bacteria, the expression of genes encoding enzymes and transporters necessary for the assimilation of secondary carbon source is repressed ...
... Another level of regulation of diauxic growth involves the enzymes catalyzing metabolic reactions and the proteins making up substrate transport systems. In many bacteria, the expression of genes encoding enzymes and transporters necessary for the assimilation of secondary carbon source is repressed ...
Supplementary table 2: Description of the gene pathways
... antigen-MHC-I complex on an antigen-presenting cell (APC), as well as CD28 interaction with the APC's CD80 or 86. Genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis The tricarboxylate transfer pathway shuttles acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA between mitochondria and the cytoplasm. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis is ...
... antigen-MHC-I complex on an antigen-presenting cell (APC), as well as CD28 interaction with the APC's CD80 or 86. Genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis The tricarboxylate transfer pathway shuttles acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA between mitochondria and the cytoplasm. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis is ...
2nd Phase of Glycolysis
... Under the steady state concentrations of the cell the efficiency is greater than 50%. Glycolysis is used for rapid ATP production. The rate of ATP formation in anaerobic glycolysis is 100 times faster than ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. When tissues are rapidly cons ...
... Under the steady state concentrations of the cell the efficiency is greater than 50%. Glycolysis is used for rapid ATP production. The rate of ATP formation in anaerobic glycolysis is 100 times faster than ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. When tissues are rapidly cons ...
Chapter 8 Notes
... Substrate Specificity of Enzymes • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical group ...
... Substrate Specificity of Enzymes • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical group ...
Coenzyme A and Acyl Carrier Protein
... acids can enter mitochondria without carnitine transport but they must be still activated before βoxidation can occur. Similarly, peroxisomes in animal cells have a distinct fatty acid β-oxidation system with a separate set of enzymes, including as many as three acyl-CoA oxidases. The acyl-CoA oxida ...
... acids can enter mitochondria without carnitine transport but they must be still activated before βoxidation can occur. Similarly, peroxisomes in animal cells have a distinct fatty acid β-oxidation system with a separate set of enzymes, including as many as three acyl-CoA oxidases. The acyl-CoA oxida ...
Document
... When some metallic hydroxides are heated, they decompose to form metallic oxide and water. Ex: Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O ...
... When some metallic hydroxides are heated, they decompose to form metallic oxide and water. Ex: Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O ...
Generation of Biochemical Energy
... that move the carbon atom into two carbon acetyl groups. The acetyl groups are attached to coenzyme A by a bond between the sulfur atom of the thiol (-SH) group at the end of coenzyme A and the carbonyl atom of the acetyl group. Acetyl –S Co A is an intermediate in all classes of food molecules. It ...
... that move the carbon atom into two carbon acetyl groups. The acetyl groups are attached to coenzyme A by a bond between the sulfur atom of the thiol (-SH) group at the end of coenzyme A and the carbonyl atom of the acetyl group. Acetyl –S Co A is an intermediate in all classes of food molecules. It ...
03_Lecture_Presentation - Cornerstone Charter Academy
... – Proteins have unique structures that are directly related to their functions ...
... – Proteins have unique structures that are directly related to their functions ...
Enzyme - Madison Public Schools
... – proteins (& RNA) – facilitate chemical reactions • increase rate of reaction without being consumed • reduce activation energy ...
... – proteins (& RNA) – facilitate chemical reactions • increase rate of reaction without being consumed • reduce activation energy ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.