BIOCHEMISTRY
... Peptides and proteins, pro-tein’s classifications. Simple and conjugated proteins, brief characteristics. Peptide bond, genetic changes of the amino acids sequence, hereditary proteinopathies (molecular diseases). Levels of proteins organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures a ...
... Peptides and proteins, pro-tein’s classifications. Simple and conjugated proteins, brief characteristics. Peptide bond, genetic changes of the amino acids sequence, hereditary proteinopathies (molecular diseases). Levels of proteins organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures a ...
Lecture 1 - Edward Dennis - University of California San Diego
... Eicosanoid Genes to Proteins to Metabolites Genes Proteins ...
... Eicosanoid Genes to Proteins to Metabolites Genes Proteins ...
The genetic code
... Transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated. Transcription occurs in the nucleus to produce a pre-mRNA molecule. The pre-mRNA is typically processed to produce the mature mRNA, which exits the nucleus and is translated in the cytoplasm. ...
... Transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated. Transcription occurs in the nucleus to produce a pre-mRNA molecule. The pre-mRNA is typically processed to produce the mature mRNA, which exits the nucleus and is translated in the cytoplasm. ...
PS 1 answers
... (i) …two cysteines in a disulfide bond? Covalent bonds. Two cysteines can form a covalent bond (called a disulfide bond) with each other by being oxidized. The reaction is: SH + HS S-S + 2H. The original SH groups come from the R group on cysteine. ...
... (i) …two cysteines in a disulfide bond? Covalent bonds. Two cysteines can form a covalent bond (called a disulfide bond) with each other by being oxidized. The reaction is: SH + HS S-S + 2H. The original SH groups come from the R group on cysteine. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Getting energy to make atp
... lactic acid and 2 ATP Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells resulting in burning and fatigue Eventually lactic acid is sent to liver and converted back to pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid acetyl coA transition So it can then go to C.A.C. & E.T.C when more oxygen is available ...
... lactic acid and 2 ATP Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells resulting in burning and fatigue Eventually lactic acid is sent to liver and converted back to pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid acetyl coA transition So it can then go to C.A.C. & E.T.C when more oxygen is available ...
2006 7.012 Problem Set 1
... (i) …two cysteines in a disulfide bond? Covalent bonds. Two cysteines can form a covalent bond (called a disulfide bond) with each other by being oxidized. The reaction is: SH + HS S-S + 2H. The original SH groups come from the R group on cysteine. ...
... (i) …two cysteines in a disulfide bond? Covalent bonds. Two cysteines can form a covalent bond (called a disulfide bond) with each other by being oxidized. The reaction is: SH + HS S-S + 2H. The original SH groups come from the R group on cysteine. ...
Free radicals
... NO can react with O2·- and produce peroxinitrite anion ONOO-, strong oxidant, not stable at physiological pH, but its half-life time is 1 second, and it means that it can diffuse in cells ...
... NO can react with O2·- and produce peroxinitrite anion ONOO-, strong oxidant, not stable at physiological pH, but its half-life time is 1 second, and it means that it can diffuse in cells ...
here
... paralogs and their distribution in genomes provides clues on the way genomes evolved. Gen and genome duplication have emerged as the most important pathway to molecular innovation, including the evolution of developmental pathways. Xenologs: gene was obtained by organism through horizontal transfer. ...
... paralogs and their distribution in genomes provides clues on the way genomes evolved. Gen and genome duplication have emerged as the most important pathway to molecular innovation, including the evolution of developmental pathways. Xenologs: gene was obtained by organism through horizontal transfer. ...
chapter 10
... d. the protein chain sends a signal through the nerve cells to the brain. ____ 21. In bacteria, a group of genes that code for functionally related enzymes, their promoter site, and the operator that controls them all function together as a(n) a. exon. c. operon. b. intron. d. ribosome. ____ 22. The ...
... d. the protein chain sends a signal through the nerve cells to the brain. ____ 21. In bacteria, a group of genes that code for functionally related enzymes, their promoter site, and the operator that controls them all function together as a(n) a. exon. c. operon. b. intron. d. ribosome. ____ 22. The ...
Nutrients and Diet
... 1 kJ is the amount of energy required to raise temp. of 1kg of water by 1oC (calorimeter). 1g carbohydrate = 16kJ of energy / 1g protein = 17 kJ/ 1g fat = 38 kJ 1g alcohol = 29kJ! Daily food intake should contain enough kJ energy to keep all internal activities in the body going and also enoug ...
... 1 kJ is the amount of energy required to raise temp. of 1kg of water by 1oC (calorimeter). 1g carbohydrate = 16kJ of energy / 1g protein = 17 kJ/ 1g fat = 38 kJ 1g alcohol = 29kJ! Daily food intake should contain enough kJ energy to keep all internal activities in the body going and also enoug ...
Ribozyme Catalysis
... • “Catalytic triad”: a glutamate (or aspartate) carboxylate hydrogen-bonds with a histidine’s imidazole group, which increases its basicity enough to assist with removal of serine’s hydroxyl proton. • The oxygen can then attack the substrate nucleophilically when the substrate binds to the active si ...
... • “Catalytic triad”: a glutamate (or aspartate) carboxylate hydrogen-bonds with a histidine’s imidazole group, which increases its basicity enough to assist with removal of serine’s hydroxyl proton. • The oxygen can then attack the substrate nucleophilically when the substrate binds to the active si ...
Full-Text PDF
... generally accepted in most of the relevant studies published so far that the first biologically polymerized amino acids were of abiotic origin. For instance, based on the concept of co-evolution of the genetic code with amino acid biosynthesis, Wong [21] has defined two types of amino acids dependin ...
... generally accepted in most of the relevant studies published so far that the first biologically polymerized amino acids were of abiotic origin. For instance, based on the concept of co-evolution of the genetic code with amino acid biosynthesis, Wong [21] has defined two types of amino acids dependin ...
labmuscle
... Question 3. What factors might cause you to get more squeezes (to have less fatigue)? The burning sensation and soreness one feels after a vigorous work out is caused by lactic acid buildup in the muscle tissue. Normal blood pH is 7.4. during physical activity the pH in the blood to falls because H ...
... Question 3. What factors might cause you to get more squeezes (to have less fatigue)? The burning sensation and soreness one feels after a vigorous work out is caused by lactic acid buildup in the muscle tissue. Normal blood pH is 7.4. during physical activity the pH in the blood to falls because H ...
handout nucleic acids and DNA replication
... important class of proteins is the enzymes which control chemical reactions within the cell, including the synthesis and breakdown of other classes of molecule. Therefore, by controlling which proteins are made at a particular time in a particular type of cell, DNA is able to control all the charact ...
... important class of proteins is the enzymes which control chemical reactions within the cell, including the synthesis and breakdown of other classes of molecule. Therefore, by controlling which proteins are made at a particular time in a particular type of cell, DNA is able to control all the charact ...
M-path: a compass for navigating potential metabolic pathways
... There are two major computational approaches in designing synthetic metabolic pathways. One is solely dependent on experimentally verified information of enzymes and reactions in current knowledge bases. Synthetic pathways can be designed using a network search from starting to target compounds (Cho ...
... There are two major computational approaches in designing synthetic metabolic pathways. One is solely dependent on experimentally verified information of enzymes and reactions in current knowledge bases. Synthetic pathways can be designed using a network search from starting to target compounds (Cho ...
EnzymesLect1 2014
... As with any protein, each monomer is actually produced as a long, linear chain of amino acids, which folds in a particular fashion to produce a three-dimensional product. Individual monomers may then combine via non-covalent interactions to form a multimeric protein. Many enzymes can be unfolded or ...
... As with any protein, each monomer is actually produced as a long, linear chain of amino acids, which folds in a particular fashion to produce a three-dimensional product. Individual monomers may then combine via non-covalent interactions to form a multimeric protein. Many enzymes can be unfolded or ...
Document
... 1) General Aspects. Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier for the reaction and often providing alternate pathways for a reaction to occur. We will discuss four general categories of catalytic mechanisms including a) transition state stabilization, b) general acid-base ...
... 1) General Aspects. Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier for the reaction and often providing alternate pathways for a reaction to occur. We will discuss four general categories of catalytic mechanisms including a) transition state stabilization, b) general acid-base ...
Chapter 6
... Metabolism • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules • Calorimeter measures a food’s caloric content • Chemical reactions require or release energy ...
... Metabolism • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules • Calorimeter measures a food’s caloric content • Chemical reactions require or release energy ...
File
... 6) to discover how tRNA gathers amino acids and brings them to the ribosomes 7) to discover how amino acids are bonded together in proper sequence to build a specific protein. 8) to discover how mutations can affect protein synthesis. Procedure: **To be performed in groups of 2 **Prior to starting a ...
... 6) to discover how tRNA gathers amino acids and brings them to the ribosomes 7) to discover how amino acids are bonded together in proper sequence to build a specific protein. 8) to discover how mutations can affect protein synthesis. Procedure: **To be performed in groups of 2 **Prior to starting a ...
Amino Acid Metabolism
... in the liver. Amino acids are constantly entering and leaving this pool. Absorbed amino acids enter one of two places, the liver or other cells. Those that enter the liver are either used to synthesize proteins or converted to -ketoacids, carbohydrate-like intermediates, through the process of deam ...
... in the liver. Amino acids are constantly entering and leaving this pool. Absorbed amino acids enter one of two places, the liver or other cells. Those that enter the liver are either used to synthesize proteins or converted to -ketoacids, carbohydrate-like intermediates, through the process of deam ...
Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structure
... the β-globin protein exists as a tetramer, the surfaces of the protein that interact with the other components of the tetramer may be hydrophobic. This should be further explored in RasMol when working with the 1A3N.pdb file. The next two questions require opening the pdb files for the proteins in R ...
... the β-globin protein exists as a tetramer, the surfaces of the protein that interact with the other components of the tetramer may be hydrophobic. This should be further explored in RasMol when working with the 1A3N.pdb file. The next two questions require opening the pdb files for the proteins in R ...
Abstract Submission Form
... 1.10.3.2) is a blue-colored multi-copper containing oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It displays a broad specificity for the reducing substrates including mono-, di-, and polyphenols, amino phenols ...
... 1.10.3.2) is a blue-colored multi-copper containing oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It displays a broad specificity for the reducing substrates including mono-, di-, and polyphenols, amino phenols ...
Single Replacement Reactions - Tri
... • Single Replacement Reactions occur when one element replaces another in a compound. • A metal can replace a metal (+) OR a nonmetal can replace a nonmetal (-). • element + compound compound + element A + BC AC + B (if A is a metal) OR A + BC BA + C (if A is a nonmetal) ...
... • Single Replacement Reactions occur when one element replaces another in a compound. • A metal can replace a metal (+) OR a nonmetal can replace a nonmetal (-). • element + compound compound + element A + BC AC + B (if A is a metal) OR A + BC BA + C (if A is a nonmetal) ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.