AQA Biology: Energy transfers and changes in
... Examples: for substrate level, any from glycolysis/link reaction/Krebs cycle; and for oxidative phosphorylation, reference to electron transfer. 1 mark for two correct examples ...
... Examples: for substrate level, any from glycolysis/link reaction/Krebs cycle; and for oxidative phosphorylation, reference to electron transfer. 1 mark for two correct examples ...
(PTH), or parathormone, is secreted
... osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL, which can bind to osteoclast precursors containing RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK sti ...
... osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL, which can bind to osteoclast precursors containing RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK sti ...
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism
... sheath cells with yet another enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase (F4, Figure 4), which uses ATP. As a result, the ATP demand necessary for driving the cycle resides largely in the bundle sheath cells rather than with pyruvate phosphate dikinase in the mesophyll cells. To meet this deman ...
... sheath cells with yet another enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase (F4, Figure 4), which uses ATP. As a result, the ATP demand necessary for driving the cycle resides largely in the bundle sheath cells rather than with pyruvate phosphate dikinase in the mesophyll cells. To meet this deman ...
lecture1
... anaerobic, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to lactate. Since 2 molecules of triose P are formed per mole of glucose, 2 moles of ...
... anaerobic, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to lactate. Since 2 molecules of triose P are formed per mole of glucose, 2 moles of ...
(H) +
... • Usually larger than inorganic molecules • Dissolve in water and organic liquids • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids Inorganic molecules • Generally do not contain C • Usually smaller than organic molecules • Usually dissociate in water, forming ions • Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide ...
... • Usually larger than inorganic molecules • Dissolve in water and organic liquids • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids Inorganic molecules • Generally do not contain C • Usually smaller than organic molecules • Usually dissociate in water, forming ions • Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide ...
Anaerobic respiration
... must also stop too. This leaves only the anaerobic process of glycolysis to produce ATP. The electron transport chain reoxidises any reduced NAD that have gained hydrogen during glycolysis, the link reaction and Krebs cycle, so without this process, how does the NAD which is reduced under anaerobic ...
... must also stop too. This leaves only the anaerobic process of glycolysis to produce ATP. The electron transport chain reoxidises any reduced NAD that have gained hydrogen during glycolysis, the link reaction and Krebs cycle, so without this process, how does the NAD which is reduced under anaerobic ...
4:6 Fermentation
... 4.6 Fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis ...
... 4.6 Fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis ...
VILLIN MODEL CONSTRUCTION
... The villin model is constructed of in three pieces. The first piece consists of amino acids 1 – 2. The second piece is amino acids 3 –7. The final piece is amino acids 8 – 36. The larger piece presented several problems. The final position that individual amino acid should take had to be marked off ...
... The villin model is constructed of in three pieces. The first piece consists of amino acids 1 – 2. The second piece is amino acids 3 –7. The final piece is amino acids 8 – 36. The larger piece presented several problems. The final position that individual amino acid should take had to be marked off ...
D-lactic acidosis: Turning sugar into acids in the gastrointestinal tract
... (20%) are produced normally in the GI tract [1]. The majority of these organic acids are produced in the caecum because this is the D-lactic acidosis when there is a combination of altered GI major site where bacteria flourish together with a source of fuel to anatomy and a change in bacterial flora ...
... (20%) are produced normally in the GI tract [1]. The majority of these organic acids are produced in the caecum because this is the D-lactic acidosis when there is a combination of altered GI major site where bacteria flourish together with a source of fuel to anatomy and a change in bacterial flora ...
Bow ties, metabolism and disease
... Highly organized, universal structures underlying biological and technological networks mediate effective trade-offs among efficiency, robustness and evolvability, with predictable fragilities that can be used to understand disease pathogenesis. The aims of this article are to describe the features ...
... Highly organized, universal structures underlying biological and technological networks mediate effective trade-offs among efficiency, robustness and evolvability, with predictable fragilities that can be used to understand disease pathogenesis. The aims of this article are to describe the features ...
Energy
... Substrate Specificity of Enzymes • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical g ...
... Substrate Specificity of Enzymes • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical g ...
Slides - Department of Computer Science • NJIT
... consisting of four letters: A, C, G, and T. They could be very long, e.g. thousands and even millions of letters • Proteins are also represented as strings of 20 letters (each letter is an amino acid). Their 3-D structure determines the function to a large extent. ...
... consisting of four letters: A, C, G, and T. They could be very long, e.g. thousands and even millions of letters • Proteins are also represented as strings of 20 letters (each letter is an amino acid). Their 3-D structure determines the function to a large extent. ...
Oligonucleotide 5` End Labeling with Radiochemicals
... technology. Oligonucleotide probes can be custom made based on sequence information of the target DNA or RNA in several hours on a DNA synthesizer. Use of a DNA synthesizer eliminates the usual cumbersome and time consuming steps involved in cloning and isolation of restriction fragments to be used ...
... technology. Oligonucleotide probes can be custom made based on sequence information of the target DNA or RNA in several hours on a DNA synthesizer. Use of a DNA synthesizer eliminates the usual cumbersome and time consuming steps involved in cloning and isolation of restriction fragments to be used ...
The Folding and Assembly of Proteins
... an interesting, quirky, residue with many unique properties. ...
... an interesting, quirky, residue with many unique properties. ...
examples of chemical and physical reactions.
... 1. Write some sentences about making of bread and alcohol. 2. What is making the Earth’s temperature getting hotter? 3. Write down the word equation of fermentation. What is the importance of this reaction? ...
... 1. Write some sentences about making of bread and alcohol. 2. What is making the Earth’s temperature getting hotter? 3. Write down the word equation of fermentation. What is the importance of this reaction? ...
Selective production of acetone during continuous
... of fermenting synthesis gas blend to acetone as the only liquid carbonaceous product ...
... of fermenting synthesis gas blend to acetone as the only liquid carbonaceous product ...
RACC BIO Photosynthesis
... • Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide (inorganic) ...
... • Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide (inorganic) ...
File - Jolyon Johnson
... • This enzyme moves H+ back into the matrix • H+ then bonds with oxygen to make water or goes back to the intermembrane space • ADP and a phosphate in the matrix bond with the ATP synthase enzyme • The H+ gives ATP synthase the energy needed to bind the ADP and phosphate into ATP • ATP Synthase Vide ...
... • This enzyme moves H+ back into the matrix • H+ then bonds with oxygen to make water or goes back to the intermembrane space • ADP and a phosphate in the matrix bond with the ATP synthase enzyme • The H+ gives ATP synthase the energy needed to bind the ADP and phosphate into ATP • ATP Synthase Vide ...
Protein Structure & Function
... each one had multiple shapes Proteins usually have only one useful conformation because otherwise it would not be efficient use of the energy available to the system Natural selection has eliminated proteins that do not perform a specific function in the cell ...
... each one had multiple shapes Proteins usually have only one useful conformation because otherwise it would not be efficient use of the energy available to the system Natural selection has eliminated proteins that do not perform a specific function in the cell ...
Cellular Respiration
... – Ex. Most efficient Cars: only 25% of the energy from gasoline is used to move the car, 75% heat. ...
... – Ex. Most efficient Cars: only 25% of the energy from gasoline is used to move the car, 75% heat. ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.