Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
... • Mechanism involves two covalent intermediates with the enzyme: • Addition of pyruvate to TPP and loss of CO2 forms hydroxyethyl TPP. • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
... • Mechanism involves two covalent intermediates with the enzyme: • Addition of pyruvate to TPP and loss of CO2 forms hydroxyethyl TPP. • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
... • Mechanism involves two covalent intermediates with the enzyme: • Addition of pyruvate to TPP and loss of CO2 forms hydroxyethyl TPP. • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
... • Mechanism involves two covalent intermediates with the enzyme: • Addition of pyruvate to TPP and loss of CO2 forms hydroxyethyl TPP. • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
Chap 7 PP
... molecule is oxidized by NAD+, which in its new form, NADH, moves to the electron transport chain bearing its electron cargo. The oxidation of NAD+ is energetic enough that it allows the phosphate group to become attached to the main molecule, now called 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because everything ...
... molecule is oxidized by NAD+, which in its new form, NADH, moves to the electron transport chain bearing its electron cargo. The oxidation of NAD+ is energetic enough that it allows the phosphate group to become attached to the main molecule, now called 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because everything ...
Proteins and amino acids
... Primary structure Proteins are polymers The monomers (residues) are amino acids The sequence: ...
... Primary structure Proteins are polymers The monomers (residues) are amino acids The sequence: ...
AP Biology Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Guided Notes
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to __________, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an __________ _______ during cellular respiration • Each _______ ...
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to __________, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an __________ _______ during cellular respiration • Each _______ ...
darkreactions
... • Therefore acetyl CoA costs 9-2 = 7 ATP and 6-2=4 NAD(P)H • At 2.5 ATP per NAD, that total is 7 + 2.5 * 4 = 17 ATP required per acetyl CoA • When we oxidize acetyl CoA we get 10 ATP (see TCA-cycle lecture), ...
... • Therefore acetyl CoA costs 9-2 = 7 ATP and 6-2=4 NAD(P)H • At 2.5 ATP per NAD, that total is 7 + 2.5 * 4 = 17 ATP required per acetyl CoA • When we oxidize acetyl CoA we get 10 ATP (see TCA-cycle lecture), ...
SET
... (1) The paper contains 200 objective type questions (50 each in Physics, Chemistry, Botany & Zoology). Four alternatives are given for each question out of which only one is correct. Darken the correct alternative on the given answer-sheet, with a pencil or pen. (2) All the questions carry four mark ...
... (1) The paper contains 200 objective type questions (50 each in Physics, Chemistry, Botany & Zoology). Four alternatives are given for each question out of which only one is correct. Darken the correct alternative on the given answer-sheet, with a pencil or pen. (2) All the questions carry four mark ...
Metabolism & Enzymes
... allosteric inhibitor binds to allosteric site causes enz to change shape conformational change active site is no longer functional binding site keeps enz inactive ...
... allosteric inhibitor binds to allosteric site causes enz to change shape conformational change active site is no longer functional binding site keeps enz inactive ...
Mol Bio CH 14 Nov 15
... -Eukaryotic mRNAs may have a Kozak sequence - similar function -Other (less well understood) mechanisms function for mRNAs without these sequences ...
... -Eukaryotic mRNAs may have a Kozak sequence - similar function -Other (less well understood) mechanisms function for mRNAs without these sequences ...
Antimicrobial Drugs
... protein capsid, and host membrane containing virus proteins • Viruses live inside host cells and use many host enzymes • Some viruses have unique enzymes for DNA/RNA synthesis or protein cutting in virus assembly ...
... protein capsid, and host membrane containing virus proteins • Viruses live inside host cells and use many host enzymes • Some viruses have unique enzymes for DNA/RNA synthesis or protein cutting in virus assembly ...
Patrick, An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 5e Chapter 3
... reaction, aldehyde dehydrogenase can catalyse its oxidation to acetaldehyde. In the process, NAD+ is converted back to NADH. As a result, only a catalytic quantity of NADH is required. It is important to appreciate that enzymes can catalyse reactions in either direction until an equilibrium is reach ...
... reaction, aldehyde dehydrogenase can catalyse its oxidation to acetaldehyde. In the process, NAD+ is converted back to NADH. As a result, only a catalytic quantity of NADH is required. It is important to appreciate that enzymes can catalyse reactions in either direction until an equilibrium is reach ...
Lecture 31
... In mammals, found in the liver and small intestine mucosa XO is a homodimer with FAD, two [2Fe-2S] clusters and a molybdopterin complex (Mo-pt) that cycles between Mol (VI) and Mol (IV) oxidation states. Final electron acceptor is O2 which is converted to H2O2 XO is cleaved into 3 segments. The uncl ...
... In mammals, found in the liver and small intestine mucosa XO is a homodimer with FAD, two [2Fe-2S] clusters and a molybdopterin complex (Mo-pt) that cycles between Mol (VI) and Mol (IV) oxidation states. Final electron acceptor is O2 which is converted to H2O2 XO is cleaved into 3 segments. The uncl ...
The energy systems - TrackandFieldScience.com
... Aerobic glycolysis refers to the transfer of pyruvate into the mitochondria. In this way the aerobic energy system makes use of large stores of glycogen in the body for ATP production. The byproducts are water and carbon dioxide that the muscles cells expel into the blood. This expulsion of these wa ...
... Aerobic glycolysis refers to the transfer of pyruvate into the mitochondria. In this way the aerobic energy system makes use of large stores of glycogen in the body for ATP production. The byproducts are water and carbon dioxide that the muscles cells expel into the blood. This expulsion of these wa ...
Energy - Peter Consterdine.com
... This recycling or resynthesising of ATP itself requires energy and this comes from the food we eat. The fuels for ATP resynthesis are derived from the following sources; Phosphocreatine (PCr) - a high-energy compound which exists in the muscles alongside ATP and provides the energy for ATP resynthes ...
... This recycling or resynthesising of ATP itself requires energy and this comes from the food we eat. The fuels for ATP resynthesis are derived from the following sources; Phosphocreatine (PCr) - a high-energy compound which exists in the muscles alongside ATP and provides the energy for ATP resynthes ...
Document
... Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins The Amino Acids in Proteins Polypeptides and Proteins Protein Function Protein Size, Composition and Properties Four Levels of Protein Structure Protein Primary Structure ...
... Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins The Amino Acids in Proteins Polypeptides and Proteins Protein Function Protein Size, Composition and Properties Four Levels of Protein Structure Protein Primary Structure ...
GLOBAL WARMING - Agronomy Courses
... – Metabolized by the animal for energy • Main source of energy for ruminants – Provide 70% of the energy in ruminants – Production of different VFAs and methane vary with ...
... – Metabolized by the animal for energy • Main source of energy for ruminants – Provide 70% of the energy in ruminants – Production of different VFAs and methane vary with ...
U4L24 Carbo Disposal
... – Lots of different enzyme activities in the complex – Can you count them all? • Bringing in acetyl and malonyl groups, catalysing the reaction between the decarboxylated malonyl and the growing fatty acid chain, the reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and ...
... – Lots of different enzyme activities in the complex – Can you count them all? • Bringing in acetyl and malonyl groups, catalysing the reaction between the decarboxylated malonyl and the growing fatty acid chain, the reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Berkeley MCB
... Mechanism. The lactone is opened by hydrolysis, the addition of water to cleave a bond, usually a type of amide or ester. In this case, since the lactone (by definition) is intramolecular, then 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone is opened up to the acid form, gluconate. ...
... Mechanism. The lactone is opened by hydrolysis, the addition of water to cleave a bond, usually a type of amide or ester. In this case, since the lactone (by definition) is intramolecular, then 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone is opened up to the acid form, gluconate. ...
Synthetic biology for engineering acetyl coenzyme a
... can be used as biofuels, e.g., farnesene, pharmaceuticals, e.g., the antimalarial drug artemisinic acid, perfumes, and fine fragrances, e.g., santalene, and nutraceutical ingredients, e.g., -carotene and lycopene. ● Sterols such as ergosterol that can be used as dietary supplements. ● Polyketides t ...
... can be used as biofuels, e.g., farnesene, pharmaceuticals, e.g., the antimalarial drug artemisinic acid, perfumes, and fine fragrances, e.g., santalene, and nutraceutical ingredients, e.g., -carotene and lycopene. ● Sterols such as ergosterol that can be used as dietary supplements. ● Polyketides t ...
Appendix - Cengage
... CHEMICAL BONDS Because all matter is made up of atoms, atoms must somehow be held together to form matter. The forces holding atoms together are called chemical bonds. Not all chemical bonds are formed in the same way, but all involve the electrons of atoms. Whether one atom will bond with another d ...
... CHEMICAL BONDS Because all matter is made up of atoms, atoms must somehow be held together to form matter. The forces holding atoms together are called chemical bonds. Not all chemical bonds are formed in the same way, but all involve the electrons of atoms. Whether one atom will bond with another d ...
Protein Degradation at Lysosome
... • Cells are continually building proteins, using them for a single task, and then discarding them. • Signaling or controlling proteins (eg. transcription regulators and the cyclins) - lead very brief lives, carrying their messages and then being thrown away. • Specialized enzymes - built just when t ...
... • Cells are continually building proteins, using them for a single task, and then discarding them. • Signaling or controlling proteins (eg. transcription regulators and the cyclins) - lead very brief lives, carrying their messages and then being thrown away. • Specialized enzymes - built just when t ...
T-cell metabolism in autoimmune disease
... Nonactivated T cells and B cells predominantly oxidize glucose-derived pyruvate in the TCA cycle and access lipids and amino acids as needed. The TCA cycle generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide used to fuel OXPHOS, an oxygendependent process in mitochond ...
... Nonactivated T cells and B cells predominantly oxidize glucose-derived pyruvate in the TCA cycle and access lipids and amino acids as needed. The TCA cycle generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide used to fuel OXPHOS, an oxygendependent process in mitochond ...
Free energy
... Substrate Specificity of Enzymes • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical group ...
... Substrate Specificity of Enzymes • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical group ...
Hemoglobin - Huntingdon College
... combination, bind antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Helper T cells make cytokines and perform other functions that help coordinate the immune response. • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD8 ar ...
... combination, bind antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Helper T cells make cytokines and perform other functions that help coordinate the immune response. • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells: T cells displaying co-receptor CD8 ar ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY Regulation of mammalian nucleotide
... synthesize nucleotides and nucleic acids de novo, mainly from glucose, glutamine and CO2 . The metabolic demands of nucleic acid synthesis have been reviewed recently (47). Bioenergetics of nucleotide biosynthesis The different parts of the nucleotides derive from various carbon and nitrogen sources ...
... synthesize nucleotides and nucleic acids de novo, mainly from glucose, glutamine and CO2 . The metabolic demands of nucleic acid synthesis have been reviewed recently (47). Bioenergetics of nucleotide biosynthesis The different parts of the nucleotides derive from various carbon and nitrogen sources ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.