BIOLOGY - Learner
... stromatolites — fossilized microbial mats consisting of layers of filamentous prokaryotes — and trapped sediment that date back to that time. Stromatolite-forming bacteria obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and get their energy by photosynthesis, splitting water to generate oxygen gas in the process. ...
... stromatolites — fossilized microbial mats consisting of layers of filamentous prokaryotes — and trapped sediment that date back to that time. Stromatolite-forming bacteria obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and get their energy by photosynthesis, splitting water to generate oxygen gas in the process. ...
free energy
... • The evolution of more complex organisms does not violate the second law of thermodynamics • Entropy (disorder) may decrease in an organism, but the universe’s total entropy ...
... • The evolution of more complex organisms does not violate the second law of thermodynamics • Entropy (disorder) may decrease in an organism, but the universe’s total entropy ...
4 Dr. M. Alzaharna 2016 Dr. M. Alzaharna 2016 II. REACTIONS OF
... • α-Ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by the αKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, producing CO2 and NADH. The enzyme is very similar to the PDH complex and uses the same coenzymes. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by Ca+2 and inhibited by NADH and succin ...
... • α-Ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by the αKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, producing CO2 and NADH. The enzyme is very similar to the PDH complex and uses the same coenzymes. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by Ca+2 and inhibited by NADH and succin ...
Quiz Ch 6
... amount of carbohydrates you eat will cause your body to burn fat to obtain the energy it needs. When we eat, our bodies convert digestible carbohydrates into blood sugar (glucose), our main source of energy, which is stored in our liver as glycogen. When we greatly restrict our intake of carbohydr ...
... amount of carbohydrates you eat will cause your body to burn fat to obtain the energy it needs. When we eat, our bodies convert digestible carbohydrates into blood sugar (glucose), our main source of energy, which is stored in our liver as glycogen. When we greatly restrict our intake of carbohydr ...
iGCSE revision notes topic 2 (Part 1) Cells, animal
... Outline the use of microorganisms and fermenters to manufacture the antibiotic penicillin and enzymes for use in biological washing powders Describe the production of antibiotic penicillin ...
... Outline the use of microorganisms and fermenters to manufacture the antibiotic penicillin and enzymes for use in biological washing powders Describe the production of antibiotic penicillin ...
Ancestral lipid biosynthesis and early membrane evolution
... to known bacterial genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and synthesize fatty acid phospholipids. The cenancestor seems likely to have been endowed with membrane lipids whose synthesis was enzymatic but probably non-stereospecific. The origin of cell membranes is a major unresolved issue of evolut ...
... to known bacterial genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and synthesize fatty acid phospholipids. The cenancestor seems likely to have been endowed with membrane lipids whose synthesis was enzymatic but probably non-stereospecific. The origin of cell membranes is a major unresolved issue of evolut ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE - Homepages | The University of Aberdeen
... would instantly decay to simpler structures with zero potential energy. In time, of course, this decay DOES occur, but it is not instantaneous. The key function of enzymes is to increase selectively the rate of particular spontaneous reactions, allowing the flow through particular metabolic pathways ...
... would instantly decay to simpler structures with zero potential energy. In time, of course, this decay DOES occur, but it is not instantaneous. The key function of enzymes is to increase selectively the rate of particular spontaneous reactions, allowing the flow through particular metabolic pathways ...
Chapter 4 - Colby College Wiki
... concentration. If it takes 17.8 mL of the potassium hydroxide solution to turn the indicator (phenolphthalein) slightly pink, what is the concentration of the hydrobromic acid solution? • The above process is known as a titration – the careful addition of one solution to another until one component ...
... concentration. If it takes 17.8 mL of the potassium hydroxide solution to turn the indicator (phenolphthalein) slightly pink, what is the concentration of the hydrobromic acid solution? • The above process is known as a titration – the careful addition of one solution to another until one component ...
BREAKFAST BEGINNING
... gradually wastes the bones, widening the periodontal ligament (the gomphosis joint of the teeth) and eventually creating tooth mobility. Calcium channels present in most membranes are triggered by a secondary parathyroid hormone to habitually stay open creating irritability and high blood pressure. ...
... gradually wastes the bones, widening the periodontal ligament (the gomphosis joint of the teeth) and eventually creating tooth mobility. Calcium channels present in most membranes are triggered by a secondary parathyroid hormone to habitually stay open creating irritability and high blood pressure. ...
File
... • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP. This is known as substrate level phosphorylation. • Reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate Kinase • This reaction is the sum of the endergonic phosphorylation of ADP and the exergonic hydrolysis of the mixed phosphate ...
... • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP. This is known as substrate level phosphorylation. • Reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate Kinase • This reaction is the sum of the endergonic phosphorylation of ADP and the exergonic hydrolysis of the mixed phosphate ...
ENZYMES - York Catholic District School Board
... Specialists in special systems For example, within a human being, pH levels can vary within the digestive system The stomach is a highly acidic area (pH = 1) whereas the duodenum is a more basic area thanks to the pancreas (pH = 5-6) Therefore, enzymes that function in the stomach must be able ...
... Specialists in special systems For example, within a human being, pH levels can vary within the digestive system The stomach is a highly acidic area (pH = 1) whereas the duodenum is a more basic area thanks to the pancreas (pH = 5-6) Therefore, enzymes that function in the stomach must be able ...
Chapter 8 Intro to Metabolism
... • Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion • Heat (thermal energy) is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules • Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure • Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a ...
... • Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion • Heat (thermal energy) is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules • Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure • Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a ...
Proteins include a diversity of structures
... Storage proteins Function: Storage of amino acids Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the ...
... Storage proteins Function: Storage of amino acids Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the ...
Chapter 10 Topic: RNA transcription Main concepts: •Beadle and
... • Both mRNA and tRNA bind to a ribosome. Together, the three build the protein chain. • The catalytic site on the ribosome carries out dehydration synthesis between amino acids, forming peptide bonds between them. • After a tRNA has delivered its amino acid, it moves back to the cytoplasm to pick up ...
... • Both mRNA and tRNA bind to a ribosome. Together, the three build the protein chain. • The catalytic site on the ribosome carries out dehydration synthesis between amino acids, forming peptide bonds between them. • After a tRNA has delivered its amino acid, it moves back to the cytoplasm to pick up ...
HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 6 - Hudson City Schools / Homepage
... • Organic molecules with an abundance of C-H bonds are a source of e- with a potential to fall closer and closer to oxygen. • An e- loses its potential when it shifts from a less electronegative atom (doesn’t attract eas much) to a more electronegative atom (attracts e- more). ...
... • Organic molecules with an abundance of C-H bonds are a source of e- with a potential to fall closer and closer to oxygen. • An e- loses its potential when it shifts from a less electronegative atom (doesn’t attract eas much) to a more electronegative atom (attracts e- more). ...
Incomplete handout (Lecture 2) - the Conway Group
... on the requirement that it forms a Watson-‐Crick base pair with the DNA strand that is being transcribed (the template strand -‐ only one strand of DNA is transcribed at a time). ...
... on the requirement that it forms a Watson-‐Crick base pair with the DNA strand that is being transcribed (the template strand -‐ only one strand of DNA is transcribed at a time). ...
Sources of Energy - Mrs Smith' s Biology
... Roles of Lipids: Energy store • Fat is deposited in fatty (adipose) tissue. • It is insoluble and compact making it an ideal form in which to store energy. • When energy is required, a fat molecule is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids which become available for use in aerobic ...
... Roles of Lipids: Energy store • Fat is deposited in fatty (adipose) tissue. • It is insoluble and compact making it an ideal form in which to store energy. • When energy is required, a fat molecule is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids which become available for use in aerobic ...
9-1 Chemical Pathways
... Lactic Acid Fermentation In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. The equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolys ...
... Lactic Acid Fermentation In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. The equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolys ...
(enzyme).
... The active site (location on the enzyme where the substrate fits and the reaction takes place) on the enzyme attaches to a substrate molecule While attached to the substrate, the enzyme either breaks or makes a bond, resulting a change to the substrate Ex) Carbohydrate broken into sugars Amino acids ...
... The active site (location on the enzyme where the substrate fits and the reaction takes place) on the enzyme attaches to a substrate molecule While attached to the substrate, the enzyme either breaks or makes a bond, resulting a change to the substrate Ex) Carbohydrate broken into sugars Amino acids ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.