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Acid Base Balance
Acid Base Balance

... pH <6.9 or >7.7: generally incompatible with life pH determines shape and thus function of many biological molecules, particularly proteins Enzymes & ion channels are examples of protein molecules sensitive to pH (modifies structural bonds, changing shape and function) ...
Insulin and glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
Insulin and glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue

... • Glucagon • Antagonist of insulin • Peptide hormone • Catabolic, releases glucose, amino acids and fatty acids from the storages ...
Translation - SBI4u Biology Resources
Translation - SBI4u Biology Resources

... functions necessary for life. For example, enzymes, including those that metabolize nutrients and synthesize new cellular constituents, as well as DNA polymerases and other enzymes that make copies of DNA during cell division, are all proteins. Figure 2 In the simplest sense, expressing a gene means ...
Journal: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Journal: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Michael Wong
Michael Wong

... • Binding of ABC within HLA-B*57:01 in turn results in altered peptides binding (pep-V) • Significant Van der Waals & H-bonding interactions between protein amino acids and ABC ...
(PDF, Unknown)
(PDF, Unknown)

... likely because it gets carried to your cells bound to the amino acid. This form of magnesium also is desirable because it's less likely to cause a laxative effect. Supplementing with magnesium glycinate can have several benefits. However, you need to consult a health care provider before using it, e ...
Mohammed Laqqan
Mohammed Laqqan

... • The LD enzyme activity in serum does not rise as much as CK or AST after myocardial infarction, but it does remain elevated for a much longer period of time. • This is quite important when the patient does not see a physician for 3 or 4 days following an infarct. • In hepatocellular disease, the s ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)

... FERMENTATION BALANCES ...
14C2H4 : Distribution of 14G-labeled tissue metabolites
14C2H4 : Distribution of 14G-labeled tissue metabolites

... Analytical methods. After exposure of pea seedlings to cither 14C2H4 or 14 COj, 9 seedlings (ca. 5 g fr.wt.) were rapidly frozen in solid COa. The tissue was later homogenized in a mortar and pestle with hot, 80% ethanol (v/v), and extracted three times with 200 ml aliquots of boiling 80% ethanol. C ...
Mitochondrial b
Mitochondrial b

... (Fig. 2). The resultant sparing of glucose allows the movement of glucose in the direction of those tissues with an obligatory requirement, such as CNS. This, in brief, is the conventional view of the whole body response to fasting and is mediated by regulatory mechanisms which will not be discussed ...
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral

... increase in the proportions of acetic and butyric acids and of ethanol and butan-1-01. Acetic and butyric acids can both arise from catabolism of histidine or cysteine (Loesche and Gibbons, 1968), threonine (Elsden and Hilton, 1978), aspartate or lysine (Stadtman, 1963) or glutamate (Buckel and Bark ...
Aromatic amino acid catabolism by lactococci
Aromatic amino acid catabolism by lactococci

... proteins have been relatively weil characterized. Additionally, our knowledge of the peptides and amino acids that accumulate in ripening cheese is rapidly expanding (Fox et al, 1993; Law and Mulholland, 1995). However, there is no definitive evidence to support the widely-held belief that amino aci ...
PHL 224 Biochemistry II
PHL 224 Biochemistry II

... 3. Melting points: Amino acids generally melt at higher temperatures, often above 200°C. 4. Taste: Amino acids may be sweet (Gly, Ala, Val), tasteless (Leu) or bitter (Arg, lle). Monosodium glutamate is used as a flavoring agent in food industry, and Chinese foods to increase taste and flavor. Impor ...
Protein
Protein

... are often called macromolecule Macromolecule = large molecule containing many atoms. – Nitrogen is a crucial part of protein Nitrogen is the site of the chemical bond that gives proteins their variety and versatility ...
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

... appears to be a magic number with respect to peptide/protein structure. Oligopeptides with 20 or fewer amino acids do not fold into a “single” low energy conformation, rather they exist in numerous random shapes. Molecules with greater than 20 amino acids most often fold into a single stable low ene ...
1 Role of Liver In Triglyceride Homeostasis
1 Role of Liver In Triglyceride Homeostasis

... • Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein catabolism • Effects of insulin resistance on triglyceriderich lipoprotein production • VLDL secretion and fatty liver ...
Liver function test
Liver function test

... – Formation of blood in embryo & plasma proteins in adult ...
Improving the Protein Content and Quality of Temperate
Improving the Protein Content and Quality of Temperate

... structural, metabolic and protective proteins, although 7S storage globulins are present in the aleurone layer of the endosperm and the scutellum of the embryo. In contrast, the prolamins comprise the major grain storage proteins and are located in the starchy endosperm cells. However, whereas prola ...
Amino acid composition of the aerial part of G. pratense L., G
Amino acid composition of the aerial part of G. pratense L., G

... flavonoids, phenolic acids), carbonhydrates, vitamines, organic acids [9]. Current problems of Pharmacy include searching for new remedies of plant origin. The original chemical composition, wide spectrum of biological activities, wide distribution indicates that G. pratense, G. sylvaticum, G. palus ...
On The Determination of Enzyme Structure, Function, and
On The Determination of Enzyme Structure, Function, and

... Enzymes are linear polymers of similar building blocks called amino acids (see Figure 1). Amino acids are either obtained from food or synthesized in cells, and polymerized according to the instructions of the genes of the organism. Enzyme molecules fold into three-dimensional structures in order to ...
Chapter 1 The Foundations of Biochemistry
Chapter 1 The Foundations of Biochemistry

... use energy from their environment; (3) have the capacity to precisely self-replicate and self-assemble; (4) exploit a chemical interplay with their environment; (5) possess programmatically defined functions; and (6) evolve to new forms over many generations. 26. Cellular foundations Page: 3 Difficu ...
Chapter 5: chemical reactions in the living cell
Chapter 5: chemical reactions in the living cell

... 1. the formation of polypeptides and proteins from amino acids  a biochemical synthesis reaction which requires ATP 2. the build-up of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA from precursor molecules (= nucleotides)  a biochemical synthesis reaction which requires ATP 3. the build-up of fat from the precurs ...
Chem 32 Solutions to Section 15.4 – 15.6 Homework Problems
Chem 32 Solutions to Section 15.4 – 15.6 Homework Problems

... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
Year 9 Biology Learning Cycle 2 Overview
Year 9 Biology Learning Cycle 2 Overview

... Line of enquiry two: What can the human body do? Intentions for learning from AQA: Organisational hierarchy: ...
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Metabolism



Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.
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