Principles of Electronic Communication Systems
... When no input signal is applied, the phase detector and low-pass filter outputs are zero. The VCO then operates at what is called the freerunning frequency, its normal operating frequency as determined by internal frequency-determining ...
... When no input signal is applied, the phase detector and low-pass filter outputs are zero. The VCO then operates at what is called the freerunning frequency, its normal operating frequency as determined by internal frequency-determining ...
NEGATIVE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF
... the negative haIf-cycle of a 60-cycle voltage to the crystal. A resistance of about 500 ohms was placed in series with the crystal to obtain a voltage proportional to the current for vertical deflection. Figure 14 shows the .actual voltage acrpss the crystal and the current wave is shown in Figure 1 ...
... the negative haIf-cycle of a 60-cycle voltage to the crystal. A resistance of about 500 ohms was placed in series with the crystal to obtain a voltage proportional to the current for vertical deflection. Figure 14 shows the .actual voltage acrpss the crystal and the current wave is shown in Figure 1 ...
Astable multivibrator circuit
... must always be just slightly greater than 1. Phase-Shift Oscillators The phase-shift oscillator contains three RC circuits in its feedback circuit. In your study of basic electronics, you learned that an RC circuit produces a phase shift at a given frequency that can be ...
... must always be just slightly greater than 1. Phase-Shift Oscillators The phase-shift oscillator contains three RC circuits in its feedback circuit. In your study of basic electronics, you learned that an RC circuit produces a phase shift at a given frequency that can be ...
edssc_2015_full_paper - DR-NTU
... and some digital logics begin to work. A counter records the number of ring oscillator cycles when the RC oscillator is at high voltage level. It is used to compare with the number of cycles in the room temperature which is recorded in the registers at the first time working. If the number of counte ...
... and some digital logics begin to work. A counter records the number of ring oscillator cycles when the RC oscillator is at high voltage level. It is used to compare with the number of cycles in the room temperature which is recorded in the registers at the first time working. If the number of counte ...
MAX31180 Spread-Spectrum Crystal Multiplier General Description Features
... The PLL can dither the output clock about its center frequency at a user-selectable magnitude. Using the SMSEL input, the user selects the dither magnitude. The PDN input can be used to place the device into a lowpower standby mode where the SSO output is three-stated. If the PDN pin is open, the SS ...
... The PLL can dither the output clock about its center frequency at a user-selectable magnitude. Using the SMSEL input, the user selects the dither magnitude. The PDN input can be used to place the device into a lowpower standby mode where the SSO output is three-stated. If the PDN pin is open, the SS ...
AM08XX/AM18XX
... 2.4. The supply bypass capacitor also helps to stabilize the VCC rail during high current or voltage transients that can occur in an ESD event. 5. The 47pF filter capacitor must be placed as close as possible to the AF pin (16-QFN package pin 14) of the AMX8XX. This capacitor filters the internal an ...
... 2.4. The supply bypass capacitor also helps to stabilize the VCC rail during high current or voltage transients that can occur in an ESD event. 5. The 47pF filter capacitor must be placed as close as possible to the AF pin (16-QFN package pin 14) of the AMX8XX. This capacitor filters the internal an ...
Oscillators and Synthesizers
... Fig 10.26—The crystal in the series-tuned Colpitts oscillator at A operates in its series resonant mode. B shows KA2WEU’s low-noise version, which uses the crystal as a filter and features high harmonic suppression. The circuit at C builds on the B version by adding a common-base output amplifier a ...
... Fig 10.26—The crystal in the series-tuned Colpitts oscillator at A operates in its series resonant mode. B shows KA2WEU’s low-noise version, which uses the crystal as a filter and features high harmonic suppression. The circuit at C builds on the B version by adding a common-base output amplifier a ...
frequency modulator
... In Figure 6-4, the capacitance of varactor diode D1 and L1 form the parallel tuned circuit of the oscillator. The value of C1 is made very large so its reactance is very low. C1 connects the tuned circuit to the oscillator and blocks the dc bias on the base of Q1 from being shorted to ground through ...
... In Figure 6-4, the capacitance of varactor diode D1 and L1 form the parallel tuned circuit of the oscillator. The value of C1 is made very large so its reactance is very low. C1 connects the tuned circuit to the oscillator and blocks the dc bias on the base of Q1 from being shorted to ground through ...
Crystal Oscillator Design And Negative Resistance
... crystal. A quartz crystal provides a large Q tuned circuit that affords the end oscillator high-frequency stability. As stated previously, this was not a problem when there was only one designer and vendor involved in the oscillator design, but now you have the crystal vendor, semiconductor manufact ...
... crystal. A quartz crystal provides a large Q tuned circuit that affords the end oscillator high-frequency stability. As stated previously, this was not a problem when there was only one designer and vendor involved in the oscillator design, but now you have the crystal vendor, semiconductor manufact ...
Chapter 6. Oscillator
... • The design for crystal oscillator is the same as that for the non-crystal oscillator (LC type) except that the biasing network may be different since crystal block DC voltage. It can be approached in two ways, depending upon whether the oscillators are operating in series mode or parallel mode. 6. ...
... • The design for crystal oscillator is the same as that for the non-crystal oscillator (LC type) except that the biasing network may be different since crystal block DC voltage. It can be approached in two ways, depending upon whether the oscillators are operating in series mode or parallel mode. 6. ...
DS1080CL Spread-Spectrum Crystal Multiplier General Description Features
... low-power standby mode where the SSO output is high impedance. If the PDN pin is open, the SSO output is active but the spread-spectrum dithering is disabled. The spread-spectrum dither rate is fixed at fIN/512 to keep the dither rate above the audio frequency range. On power-up, the output clock (S ...
... low-power standby mode where the SSO output is high impedance. If the PDN pin is open, the SSO output is active but the spread-spectrum dithering is disabled. The spread-spectrum dither rate is fixed at fIN/512 to keep the dither rate above the audio frequency range. On power-up, the output clock (S ...
W4409126130
... temperature region is determined by the intrinsic defects caused due to the thermal fluctuations in the crystal [6]. The low temperature conduction region seems to be connected to the mobility of vacancies. If the probability of occupation of an interstitial is f, then the probability of finding a v ...
... temperature region is determined by the intrinsic defects caused due to the thermal fluctuations in the crystal [6]. The low temperature conduction region seems to be connected to the mobility of vacancies. If the probability of occupation of an interstitial is f, then the probability of finding a v ...
Modifying the Yaesu FT-847 External 22.625 MHz
... So, why do this modification? Weak-signal experiments require a rig that is both stable and accurately on-frequency. The FT-847 derives its internal mixing frequencies from a single 22.625 MHz Reference oscillator whose frequency is effectively multiplied 20 times for the 70 cm band. The oscillator ...
... So, why do this modification? Weak-signal experiments require a rig that is both stable and accurately on-frequency. The FT-847 derives its internal mixing frequencies from a single 22.625 MHz Reference oscillator whose frequency is effectively multiplied 20 times for the 70 cm band. The oscillator ...
BH1417F Stereo PLL FM Transmitter Design Guide Introduction
... If the oscillator tends to oscillate parasitically in another frequency region(VHF/UHF). This is spurious frequency, then put in a snubber resistor(R3) to solve this problem. This can be occurred since the BJT used has sufficient gain at another some VHF frequency in which parasitic and distributed ...
... If the oscillator tends to oscillate parasitically in another frequency region(VHF/UHF). This is spurious frequency, then put in a snubber resistor(R3) to solve this problem. This can be occurred since the BJT used has sufficient gain at another some VHF frequency in which parasitic and distributed ...
Analog Sinusoidal Oscillator Part 2
... Advantage: One transistor only is needed. RF up to 1 GHz can be achieved ...
... Advantage: One transistor only is needed. RF up to 1 GHz can be achieved ...
Positive Negative
... Piezoelectric Crystal Certain material (or crystals) are such that the application of an electrical field causes a change in their physical dimensions. The reverse effect, where an external pressure causes a change in the crystal’s physical dimensions and thus induces a voltage between electrodes, i ...
... Piezoelectric Crystal Certain material (or crystals) are such that the application of an electrical field causes a change in their physical dimensions. The reverse effect, where an external pressure causes a change in the crystal’s physical dimensions and thus induces a voltage between electrodes, i ...
Application Notes
... Frequency tolerance: The maximum allowable frequency deviation from a specified nominal frequency at ambient room temperature (25°C ± 3°C). Frequency tolerance is expressed in percent (%) or parts per millions (ppm). Frequency stability: The maximum allowable frequency deviation from the ambient tem ...
... Frequency tolerance: The maximum allowable frequency deviation from a specified nominal frequency at ambient room temperature (25°C ± 3°C). Frequency tolerance is expressed in percent (%) or parts per millions (ppm). Frequency stability: The maximum allowable frequency deviation from the ambient tem ...
MP11 High Sensitive Metal Detector for Detecting Metal Objects
... (Better Security System for to Detect Terrorists / Human Bombs) One of the simplest methods of metal detecting is by beat frequency oscillator. Basically, the circuit consists of two balanced oscillator. One oscillator provides the reference signal, and other oscillator is acting as the detector ele ...
... (Better Security System for to Detect Terrorists / Human Bombs) One of the simplest methods of metal detecting is by beat frequency oscillator. Basically, the circuit consists of two balanced oscillator. One oscillator provides the reference signal, and other oscillator is acting as the detector ele ...
AN10289 LPC900 external crystal start-up Rev. 01 — 27 April 2004 Application note
... 2.4 Small signal transconductance The small signal transconductance was measured by AC coupling a fixed load to the output, then measuring the ratio of the output current to the input current. Figure 2 shows the test circuit used to measure the transconductance, and the equation to calculate it base ...
... 2.4 Small signal transconductance The small signal transconductance was measured by AC coupling a fixed load to the output, then measuring the ratio of the output current to the input current. Figure 2 shows the test circuit used to measure the transconductance, and the equation to calculate it base ...
Merhaba Feature Articles
... Quartz is composed of silicon and oxygen, in the form of silicon dioxide. Ordinary sand is also composed of silicon dioxide. There is a fundamental difference between quartz and sand, however. Quartz is a crystal in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern. In contrast, atoms in sand are a ...
... Quartz is composed of silicon and oxygen, in the form of silicon dioxide. Ordinary sand is also composed of silicon dioxide. There is a fundamental difference between quartz and sand, however. Quartz is a crystal in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern. In contrast, atoms in sand are a ...
HQ-170 Manual
... Many of the single side band transmitters being produced today provide 100 volts negative bias which is switched from the transmitter to the receiver by the Vox circuit. The Hallicrafter HT 32 transmitter is a good example. As a result of the voice control operating the relay in the transmitter, the ...
... Many of the single side band transmitters being produced today provide 100 volts negative bias which is switched from the transmitter to the receiver by the Vox circuit. The Hallicrafter HT 32 transmitter is a good example. As a result of the voice control operating the relay in the transmitter, the ...
Liquid Crystals
... C.6.5 Discuss the properties needed for a substance to be used in liquid-crystal displays • In order to be useful in liquid crystal displays, molecules need to have certain properties. • They must be chemically stable, and not decompose or react. • They must behave as liquid crystals over a suita ...
... C.6.5 Discuss the properties needed for a substance to be used in liquid-crystal displays • In order to be useful in liquid crystal displays, molecules need to have certain properties. • They must be chemically stable, and not decompose or react. • They must behave as liquid crystals over a suita ...
Phase Noise - Vectron International
... Signals from two oscillators at the same nominal frequency are applied to the mixer inputs. Unless the oscillators have exceptional stability, one oscillator must have electronic tuning for phase locking. A very narrow band phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to maintain a 90 degree phase difference bet ...
... Signals from two oscillators at the same nominal frequency are applied to the mixer inputs. Unless the oscillators have exceptional stability, one oscillator must have electronic tuning for phase locking. A very narrow band phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to maintain a 90 degree phase difference bet ...
Impedance Scanning QCM Studies of Aniline Electropolymerization
... 0.35–0.7 V until no more changes in the cyclic voltammogram (CV) can be recognized. Subsequently, after a further cleaning step, the cell is filled with one of the deaerated standard solutions. The hybrid EQCM experiment joining the CV and the QCM measurement is started, datasets containing voltage, ...
... 0.35–0.7 V until no more changes in the cyclic voltammogram (CV) can be recognized. Subsequently, after a further cleaning step, the cell is filled with one of the deaerated standard solutions. The hybrid EQCM experiment joining the CV and the QCM measurement is started, datasets containing voltage, ...
circuit for continuous motional series resonant frequency and
... The system was calibrated and characterized by connecting ten different selected resistances, covering a range from 100 Ω to 5000 Ω, in place of the sensor. Values of α =-228.8mV and β=3420mV were obtained were obtained which minimized the sum of squared relative errors between the values of Rm obta ...
... The system was calibrated and characterized by connecting ten different selected resistances, covering a range from 100 Ω to 5000 Ω, in place of the sensor. Values of α =-228.8mV and β=3420mV were obtained were obtained which minimized the sum of squared relative errors between the values of Rm obta ...
Crystal oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.