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13.3- The Human Genome
13.3- The Human Genome

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Principles of Biology Lake Tahoe Community College
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ome

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... Expanding the Genetic Code • At the Scripps Institute in California, scientists have engineered a bacterium with an expanded genetic code. • In addition to A, T, G, and C, they have added to synthetic nucleotides: d5SICS and dNaM (known as Y and X for short). ...
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... engineered to produce human insulin in a broth culture, enabling the production of s emingly unlimited supplies of human-type insulin for the treatment of diabetes. With this achievement came the realization that it might now be possible to alter the basic genetic makeup of all types of organisms th ...
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History of genetic engineering

Genetic modification caused by human activity has been occurring since around 12,000 BC, when humans first began to domesticate organisms. Genetic engineering as the direct transfer of DNA from one organism to another was first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. Advances have allowed scientists to manipulate and add genes to a variety of different organism and induce a range of different effects. Since 1976 the technology has been commercialised, with companies producing and selling genetically modified food and medicine.
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