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The Quantum Spin Hall Effect
The Quantum Spin Hall Effect

... of HgTe/CdTe quantum wells have been fabricated. • Because of the small band gap, about several meV, one can gate dope this system from n to p doped regimes. • Two tuning parameters, the thickness d of the quantum well, and the gate voltage. ...
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... to E ⊗ IB for every system B. Events can thus be collected in equivalence classes defined by the following relation: E ∼ F if and only if the linear map corresponding to E ⊗ IC coincides with the one corresponding to F ⊗ IC for all systems C. We will call the equivalence classes transformations. Not ...
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Scalar field theory

In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation.The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena. An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.Since they do not involve polarization complications, scalar fields are often the easiest to appreciate second quantization through. For this reason, scalar field theories are often used for purposes of introduction of novel concepts and techniques.The signature of the metric employed below is (+, −, −, −).
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