Fundamental processes: Atomic Physics
... gaseous atom or ion (not solid or liquid) First ionizaIon energy: minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the highest occupied sub‐shell (outermost electron) of gaseous atom Second ionizaIon energy: minimum energy needed to remove the second electron from the highest occupied su ...
... gaseous atom or ion (not solid or liquid) First ionizaIon energy: minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the highest occupied sub‐shell (outermost electron) of gaseous atom Second ionizaIon energy: minimum energy needed to remove the second electron from the highest occupied su ...
Electrons and “holes”
... An intrinsic semiconductor, also called an undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor, is a pure semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. The number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities. In int ...
... An intrinsic semiconductor, also called an undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor, is a pure semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. The number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities. In int ...
coherent states of a charged particle in a magnetic field 1`2
... energy. However, the function ln1f3) is not yet the comTo emphasize once again that the coherent state Iaf3) pletest possible approximation to the classical descripis the one closest to the classical one, we note that in tion of the state considered (in which the charged partithe classical problem o ...
... energy. However, the function ln1f3) is not yet the comTo emphasize once again that the coherent state Iaf3) pletest possible approximation to the classical descripis the one closest to the classical one, we note that in tion of the state considered (in which the charged partithe classical problem o ...
Aberration-Corrected Analytical Electron Microscopy of Transition Metal Nitride and Silicon Nitride Multilayers
... contributed to the research of adding an element to make a ternary nitride. One such element often applied, which is found in both papers presented in this work, is silicon that is more or less immiscible in TmN. For very small amounts of Si addition a single-phase film may be produced, but often ju ...
... contributed to the research of adding an element to make a ternary nitride. One such element often applied, which is found in both papers presented in this work, is silicon that is more or less immiscible in TmN. For very small amounts of Si addition a single-phase film may be produced, but often ju ...
Ultracold Quantum Gases
... Svistunov, a new Quantum Monte-Carlo method is introduced that circumvents the Fermi sign problem, the computationally demanding fact that many-body wavefunctions for fermions have to be fully anti-symmetric under fermion exchange. The hope is that their method can be extended to a full N+M-body the ...
... Svistunov, a new Quantum Monte-Carlo method is introduced that circumvents the Fermi sign problem, the computationally demanding fact that many-body wavefunctions for fermions have to be fully anti-symmetric under fermion exchange. The hope is that their method can be extended to a full N+M-body the ...
Theory of Chemical Bonds
... characterize the quantum mechanical effect that an electron is partially in both states at the same time. This exchange integral creates the bonding effect. A plausible explanation instead of the quantum mechanical derivation and numerical calculation is possible with the help of Fig. 5.2: For the L ...
... characterize the quantum mechanical effect that an electron is partially in both states at the same time. This exchange integral creates the bonding effect. A plausible explanation instead of the quantum mechanical derivation and numerical calculation is possible with the help of Fig. 5.2: For the L ...
UNITEL_9 - StealthSkater
... way. The ZPF is the theoretical collection of all energy forms found within the vacuum of space which are carried through virtual process such as the creation and annihilation of electron-positron pairs. In the lowest possible energy state of a wave function, there is always a fluctuation of quantum ...
... way. The ZPF is the theoretical collection of all energy forms found within the vacuum of space which are carried through virtual process such as the creation and annihilation of electron-positron pairs. In the lowest possible energy state of a wave function, there is always a fluctuation of quantum ...
Spin Hamiltonians and Exchange interactions
... large and expensive magnets, and that a typical exchange constant is 10meV (often more). In particular, it is rarely possible to apply a field large enough to force a system into a nearly saturated state (all spins nearly parallel), if the spin-spin couplings favor some other state. Most generally, ...
... large and expensive magnets, and that a typical exchange constant is 10meV (often more). In particular, it is rarely possible to apply a field large enough to force a system into a nearly saturated state (all spins nearly parallel), if the spin-spin couplings favor some other state. Most generally, ...
Explore 2: Shifting Plates and Wandering Poles
... Students will model magnetic reversal patterns and use paleomagnetic data to demonstrate plate motion. Background Some rocks are naturally magnetized. How? When igneous rocks cool down from the molten stage, or when sand grains gently settle down through water, the iron-rich molecules tend to align ...
... Students will model magnetic reversal patterns and use paleomagnetic data to demonstrate plate motion. Background Some rocks are naturally magnetized. How? When igneous rocks cool down from the molten stage, or when sand grains gently settle down through water, the iron-rich molecules tend to align ...
The rotation of a homonuclear linear molecule
... range ~108 Hz). In proton magnetic resonance this works because the proton’s spin magnetic moment couples with the radiation’s oscillating magnetic field. The oscillating field induces transitions between the mI = ±½ states in either direction. If an oscillating magnetic field at the appropriate fre ...
... range ~108 Hz). In proton magnetic resonance this works because the proton’s spin magnetic moment couples with the radiation’s oscillating magnetic field. The oscillating field induces transitions between the mI = ±½ states in either direction. If an oscillating magnetic field at the appropriate fre ...
From atoms to the periodic table
... planar gap) at the nucleus. These orbitals are known as p-‐orbitals and they come in sets of three, oriented at 90° to each other. The colours here represent different phases. Other nota9ons, in ...
... planar gap) at the nucleus. These orbitals are known as p-‐orbitals and they come in sets of three, oriented at 90° to each other. The colours here represent different phases. Other nota9ons, in ...
Chem 150 Answer Key Problem Introductory Quantum Chemistry 1
... a) In Bohr’s model the electron orbits the nucleus. Both its position (e.g. radius from the nucleus) and its energy are precisely known (violation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle). In quantum mechanics the electron is in an orbital and not in an orbit. The most likely distance to find the elec ...
... a) In Bohr’s model the electron orbits the nucleus. Both its position (e.g. radius from the nucleus) and its energy are precisely known (violation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle). In quantum mechanics the electron is in an orbital and not in an orbit. The most likely distance to find the elec ...
22. Current rectification of quantum nano diodes in Superconducting
... The phenomenon of superconductivity, in which the electrical resistance of certain materials completely vanishes at low temperatures, is one of the most interesting phenomenon in condensed matter physics [1]. In 1911 Kamerlingh Onnes and one of his assistants discovered the phenomenon of superconduc ...
... The phenomenon of superconductivity, in which the electrical resistance of certain materials completely vanishes at low temperatures, is one of the most interesting phenomenon in condensed matter physics [1]. In 1911 Kamerlingh Onnes and one of his assistants discovered the phenomenon of superconduc ...
Document
... Making a measurement Suppose you measure the speed (hence, momentum) of the quantum particle in a tube. How likely are you to measure the particle moving to the ...
... Making a measurement Suppose you measure the speed (hence, momentum) of the quantum particle in a tube. How likely are you to measure the particle moving to the ...
Ferromagnetism
Not to be confused with Ferrimagnetism; for an overview see Magnetism.Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished. Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetism) is the strongest type: it is the only one that typically creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for the common phenomena of magnetism in magnets encountered in everyday life. Substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with three other types of magnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, but the forces are usually so weak that they can only be detected by sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The attraction between a magnet and ferromagnetic material is ""the quality of magnetism first apparent to the ancient world, and to us today"".Permanent magnets (materials that can be magnetized by an external magnetic field and remain magnetized after the external field is removed) are either ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, as are other materials that are noticeably attracted to them. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic. The common ones are iron, nickel, cobalt and most of their alloys, some compounds of rare earth metals, and a few naturally-occurring minerals such as lodestone.Ferromagnetism is very important in industry and modern technology, and is the basis for many electrical and electromechanical devices such as electromagnets, electric motors, generators, transformers, and magnetic storage such as tape recorders, and hard disks.