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Convergence of vector spherical wave expansion
Convergence of vector spherical wave expansion

... Electromagnetic scattering from a sphere is a well studied topic since the seminal work of Mie [1]. The sphere is one of the few bodies for which the scattering behavior has been thoroughly investigated and hence can be used as an approximation to model interaction of electromagnetic radiation with ...
Advances in Environmental Biology
Advances in Environmental Biology

... an optimum method by regarding the condition governing these sorts of problems is a really crucial subject. Generalized Mie theory has been introduced as a regular analytical solution for studying light scattering with spherical and cylindrical particles [2,3]. Since generalized Mie theory is just c ...
Mendes, M. J., et al., Design of optimized wave
Mendes, M. J., et al., Design of optimized wave

... dielectric features with nano/micron-scale sizes on the order of λ are the preferential photonic structures for PV LT [1,28,29]. Among the various techniques that allow engineering such structures, it is desirable to focus in those that are truly low-cost and scalable, as these are key requirements ...
Unparticle_Dark_Matter_(GUT07)
Unparticle_Dark_Matter_(GUT07)

... • Spectral function of the unparticle has very unusual behavior! Because of the conformal invariance in the unparticle sector, unparticle propagator and the phase space are completely different from the usual scalar case, especially, its momentum dependence goes: 1/(p2)2-d (d: dimension of the unpar ...
Piezoelectric Polarization effect on Phonon relaxation rates in
Piezoelectric Polarization effect on Phonon relaxation rates in

... a dominant factor in the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the heterojunction interface. The expected 2DEG density ns at the AlxGa1-xN /GaN heterojunction interface is given by 13 ns  ...
$doc.title

... is useful for understanding low energy (≈ 1 GeV) strong interaction scattering cross sections. Consider the two reactions (d = deuterium): pp → dπ+ pn → dπ0 ◆ Deuterium is an “iso-singlet”, |0,0>. ◆ In terms of isospin states we have: pp = |1/2,1/2>|1/2,1/2> dπ+ = |0,0>|1,1> pn = |1/2,1/2>|1/2,-1 ...
Reflection, Refraction and the Prism
Reflection, Refraction and the Prism

... of the path of light through any optical system. However, as seen in the chapter on Light, the Huygens wavefront construction can be become complicated, especially in systems with a large number of optical components. A simpler approach to track the behavior of light is based on the propagation of l ...
Top Condensation as a Motivated Explanation of the Top Forward
Top Condensation as a Motivated Explanation of the Top Forward

... couplings, and can be exchanged in the t-channel to produce the observed AtF B . In top condensation, electroweak symmetry is dynamically broken, as in technicolor (and in QCD), through the formation of bound states. The difference from technicolor is that the condensate is made up of the top quark ...
Efficient Higher Order Full-Wave Numerical Analysis of 3-D Cloaking Structures ć
Efficient Higher Order Full-Wave Numerical Analysis of 3-D Cloaking Structures ć

... analogous to those in the linear spherical cloak case. The resulting models are then used as additional examples in the evaluation of the higher order full-wave FEM-MoM technique, to demonstrate the validity of the method when more complex tensor profiles are involved. Since r0 in Fig. 2b coincides ...
Observation of universal conductance-fluctuation crossovers in mesoscopic Li wires *
Observation of universal conductance-fluctuation crossovers in mesoscopic Li wires *

... a factor of 4 smaller than in a low SO scattering material. Application of a magnetic field in this system lifts the twofold Kramers degeneracy associated with the time-reversal invariance ~s52→s51; b 54→ b 52!, leading to a single factor of 2 reduction in ( d G) 2 as a function of field. There have ...
A Spectroscopic Determination of Scattering Lengths for Sodium
A Spectroscopic Determination of Scattering Lengths for Sodium

... probe is introduced there are no excited state atoms present. The ionizing laser present during the probe periods is tuned blue of the atomic resonance frequency and does not affect the atoms in the MOT. The ionizing laser frequency is chosen and kept fixed while the photoassociating laser is scanne ...
Measurement of Colloidal Forces with TIRM
Measurement of Colloidal Forces with TIRM

... the intensity of scattering is a complicated (horizontal arrows), the sphere scatters light function of direction, involving multiple peaks which is exponentially sensitive to its elevation h. and valleys. However, TIRM integrates the scattered intensity over a cone of solid angle corresponding to t ...
Cross sections of the gamma, proton and gamma, proton neutron
Cross sections of the gamma, proton and gamma, proton neutron

... B. Experimental Results The most prominent feature of any photonuclear cross section is the existence of the so-called "giant dipole resonance" at relatively low energies. In general, the vari­ ...
Resonance-enhanced Second Harmonic Generation from spherical microparticles in aqueous suspension
Resonance-enhanced Second Harmonic Generation from spherical microparticles in aqueous suspension

... which SHG belongs, were realized to be a powerful tool for studying the interface between media due to the fundamental property of such processes: in the electric dipole approximation they are forbidden in media with a center of symmetry. At interfaces and surfaces, however, the centro-symmetry is n ...
Presentation
Presentation

... the physical states involved? 2. Write the unbalanced equation that summarizes the reaction described in step 1. 3. Balance the equation by inspection, starting with the most complicated molecule(s). The same number of each type of atom needs to appear on both reactant and product sides. Return to T ...
Factorization of quantum charge transport for non
Factorization of quantum charge transport for non

... in the determinant formula. Namely, it has been shown that, in the case of a contact with two external leads, the total electronic transfer is given by a superposition of uncorrelated elementary charge transfers of single electrons. In each of such single-electron events, one electron has a certain ...
Brillouin scattering at high pressure: an overview
Brillouin scattering at high pressure: an overview

... to minimum velocities along h100i, v2 D C11 / . For the determination of all the elastic moduli, the isothermal bulk modulus B D C11 C 2C12 /3 is used. Two problems may arise by using this technique. First, it is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the sound velocities are really reache ...
Слайд 1 - Eventry
Слайд 1 - Eventry

... method is widely used in tissue optics for processing the experimental data of spectrophotometry with integrating spheres. This method allows one to determine the absorption and the reduced scattering coefficients of a turbid media from the measured values of the total transmittance and the diffuse ...
Advanced Quantum Mechanics
Advanced Quantum Mechanics

... To give this quantity some meaning, we need to relate it to the incoming current. The latter can be characterized by a current density, i, where we assume the current to be incident along the zaxis. This quantity is defined to give the current (the number of particles R per unit time) coming in thro ...
–1– (AST 461) LECTURE 1: Basics of Radiation Transfer Almost all
–1– (AST 461) LECTURE 1: Basics of Radiation Transfer Almost all

... force/area= differential pressure. Integrating over solid angle gives the total pressure: dpν dν = [(pν )f −(pν )i ]dν = (1/c)(Eν cosθ−(−Eν cosθ))dν = (2/c)Eν cosθdν = ...
8. Beam splitters
8. Beam splitters

... Polarizing dividers separate the beam with mixed polarization states into two beams of one state of polarization. The reflected beam is “s” polarized and the transmitted beam is “p” polarized. (see “Polarizers”). ...
Quantum anomalous Hall effect with cold atoms trapped in a square
Quantum anomalous Hall effect with cold atoms trapped in a square

... , respectively, which consist of a pseudospin-1/2 subspace. We shall focus on the hybridized bands between ψa and ψb intermediated by the intersite hopping but neglect the hybridization between ψa,b and the lowest s orbital in the B sites since its onsite energy is far separated from those of ψa,b i ...
Fermion-Fermion and Boson-Boson Interactions at low
Fermion-Fermion and Boson-Boson Interactions at low

... - inverse Fermi wave vector kF-1 or average Particle Distance d for Bosons, respectively In cold dilute gases: ...
x-rays
x-rays

... X-ray Scattering Coherent scattering happens when the X-ray collides with an atom and deviates without a loss in energy. An electron in an alternating electromagnetic field (e.g. X-ray photon), will oscillate at the same frequency (in all directions). This is useful for understanding Xray diffracti ...
Molecular Reaction Dynamics Lectures 1-4
Molecular Reaction Dynamics Lectures 1-4

... possible  to  control  the  velocities,  quantum  states,  and  even  the  geometrical  orientation  of  the  colliding  molecules and to measure the same properties in the products in order to understand the effect of each of  these variables on the reaction under study.  When we study chemistry at ...
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Cross section (physics)



The cross section is an effective area that quantifies the intrinsic likelihood of a scattering event when an incident beam strikes a target object, made of discrete particles. The cross section of a particle is the same as the cross section of a hard object, if the probabilities of hitting them with a ray are the same. It is typically denoted σ and measured in units of area.In scattering experiments, one is often interested in knowing how likely a given event occurs. However, the rate depends strongly on experimental variables such as the density of the target material, the intensity of the beam, or the area of overlap between the beam and the target material. To control for these mundane differences, one can factor out these variables, resulting in an area-like quantity known as the cross section.
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