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Cloning and Effective Induction of Escherichia coli
... the expression of the desired gene placed under the control of the strong T7, lac or tac promoter. The advantage of using this synthetic inducer is that it cannot be hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase.13 However, the use of IPTG for the large-scale production of human therapeutic proteins is undesirable ...
... the expression of the desired gene placed under the control of the strong T7, lac or tac promoter. The advantage of using this synthetic inducer is that it cannot be hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase.13 However, the use of IPTG for the large-scale production of human therapeutic proteins is undesirable ...
University of Groningen Plasticity of airway smooth muscle
... in part be responsible for this process by increasing cell number (hyperplasia) or size (hypertrophy) through the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. In addition, G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists may contribute to this increase in ASM ...
... in part be responsible for this process by increasing cell number (hyperplasia) or size (hypertrophy) through the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. In addition, G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists may contribute to this increase in ASM ...
Lecture 12-14 (Parker) - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... The Glycolytic pathway is tightly controlled The rate of conversion of glucose to pyruvate is tightly regulated. In glycolysis the reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are essentially irreversible making them targets for regulation. These enzymes become more ...
... The Glycolytic pathway is tightly controlled The rate of conversion of glucose to pyruvate is tightly regulated. In glycolysis the reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are essentially irreversible making them targets for regulation. These enzymes become more ...
mTORC1 Activates SREBP-1c and Uncouples Lipogenesis From Gluconeogenesis Please share
... tightly regulated by mTORC1 under physiological conditions. The identification of mTORC1 as the bifurcation point that separates hepatic lipogenesis from gluconeogenesis represents an important advance in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking hepatic insulin resistance to hyperglycemi ...
... tightly regulated by mTORC1 under physiological conditions. The identification of mTORC1 as the bifurcation point that separates hepatic lipogenesis from gluconeogenesis represents an important advance in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking hepatic insulin resistance to hyperglycemi ...
The regulation of receptor protein tyrosine
... dimerization of the D2 domain can inhibit the phosphatase activity of PTPRs. A few models have been proposed to explain how phosphatase activity is inhibited by dimerization, but the precise mechanism is still not established. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanism of the phosphatase ac ...
... dimerization of the D2 domain can inhibit the phosphatase activity of PTPRs. A few models have been proposed to explain how phosphatase activity is inhibited by dimerization, but the precise mechanism is still not established. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanism of the phosphatase ac ...
Enzymes: The Biological Accelerators
... relationship between the rate of the enzyme catalysed reaction and the conc. of the single substrate depends on the nature of the enzyme process. Many processes exhibit 1st order kinetics at low conc. of the substrate, which changes to 0 order as the concentration increases, that is, a hyperbolic re ...
... relationship between the rate of the enzyme catalysed reaction and the conc. of the single substrate depends on the nature of the enzyme process. Many processes exhibit 1st order kinetics at low conc. of the substrate, which changes to 0 order as the concentration increases, that is, a hyperbolic re ...
Interacting specificity of a histidine kinase and its cognate response
... PCR were carried out using pfu polymerase. The plasmids pUI1643 and pBSC were used as the templates for amplification of portions of prrB and devS, respectively. Two primary PCR reactions were performed with the primers PrrBc(BamHI)+ and BSI2 (59-ctgctgcacctcggccgaacgaagctcctcggcaagctccg-39) and wit ...
... PCR were carried out using pfu polymerase. The plasmids pUI1643 and pBSC were used as the templates for amplification of portions of prrB and devS, respectively. Two primary PCR reactions were performed with the primers PrrBc(BamHI)+ and BSI2 (59-ctgctgcacctcggccgaacgaagctcctcggcaagctccg-39) and wit ...
BIOCHEMISTRY LAB CHE-554 First portion: A chromophorogenic
... Non-absorbing compounds can be detected via a reaction that generates a chromophore in proportion to the compound’s concentration. ! Either a known ! or a standard curve are used to relate the A to the starting compound’s concentration. (The standard curve in-essence yields a !). ! We will use the B ...
... Non-absorbing compounds can be detected via a reaction that generates a chromophore in proportion to the compound’s concentration. ! Either a known ! or a standard curve are used to relate the A to the starting compound’s concentration. (The standard curve in-essence yields a !). ! We will use the B ...
Marine Biotechnology
... Shrimp have trypsins between 17.7 and 22 kDa (Lemos et al., 1999; Muhlia-Almazán and Garcı́a-Carreño, 2002). Lobster chymotrypsins had a broader range of molecular mass than that of their trypsins. Chymotrypsins had molecular masses between 21 and 60 kDa, in contrast to those of chymotrypsins repo ...
... Shrimp have trypsins between 17.7 and 22 kDa (Lemos et al., 1999; Muhlia-Almazán and Garcı́a-Carreño, 2002). Lobster chymotrypsins had a broader range of molecular mass than that of their trypsins. Chymotrypsins had molecular masses between 21 and 60 kDa, in contrast to those of chymotrypsins repo ...
Measuring enzyme activities under standardized in vivo
... measured in the presence and absence of these phosphatase inhibitors. Of all the enzymes, only phosphoglycerate mutase (GPM; EC 5.4.2.1) showed a substantial and significant decrease in activity in the presence of the phosphatase inhibitors. It is known that vanadate, another phosphatase inhibitor, h ...
... measured in the presence and absence of these phosphatase inhibitors. Of all the enzymes, only phosphoglycerate mutase (GPM; EC 5.4.2.1) showed a substantial and significant decrease in activity in the presence of the phosphatase inhibitors. It is known that vanadate, another phosphatase inhibitor, h ...
Ketone Bodies Mimic the Life Span Extending
... in regulating cellular function and aging including stimulating apoptosis (29) that likely helps prevent tumorigenicity (30). FOXO proteins are modified post-translationally by acetylation and phosphorylation, which are regulated by many factors including metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stre ...
... in regulating cellular function and aging including stimulating apoptosis (29) that likely helps prevent tumorigenicity (30). FOXO proteins are modified post-translationally by acetylation and phosphorylation, which are regulated by many factors including metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stre ...
The Depth of Chemical Time and the Power of Enzymes
... enzyme’s active site, its half-life is usually a small fraction of 1 s. Rapid turnover is necessary if any enzyme is to produce a significant rate of reaction at the limited concentration (<10-5 M) at which enzymes are present within the cell. Many enzymes are known to have evolved to work nearly as ...
... enzyme’s active site, its half-life is usually a small fraction of 1 s. Rapid turnover is necessary if any enzyme is to produce a significant rate of reaction at the limited concentration (<10-5 M) at which enzymes are present within the cell. Many enzymes are known to have evolved to work nearly as ...
The Depth of Chemical Time and the Power of Enzymes as Catalysts
... enzyme’s active site, its half-life is usually a small fraction of 1 s. Rapid turnover is necessary if any enzyme is to produce a significant rate of reaction at the limited concentration (<10-5 M) at which enzymes are present within the cell. Many enzymes are known to have evolved to work nearly as ...
... enzyme’s active site, its half-life is usually a small fraction of 1 s. Rapid turnover is necessary if any enzyme is to produce a significant rate of reaction at the limited concentration (<10-5 M) at which enzymes are present within the cell. Many enzymes are known to have evolved to work nearly as ...
Membrane Penetration of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Is Necessary
... crucial role in maintaining cellular arachidonic acid levels (14). cPLA2 is therefore an attractive target for developing specific inhibitors that can be used as a novel antiinflammatory drugs. cPLA2 binds to membranes in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ via its C2 domain which contains calcium and m ...
... crucial role in maintaining cellular arachidonic acid levels (14). cPLA2 is therefore an attractive target for developing specific inhibitors that can be used as a novel antiinflammatory drugs. cPLA2 binds to membranes in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ via its C2 domain which contains calcium and m ...
Protease Activity of a 90-kDa Protein Isolated from Scallop Shells
... chromatography (Figure 1A). Subsequently, the protease activity of each fraction was examined, and it was found in 2 fractions (fractions 9–13 and 16–18). The high molecular weight fractions (fraction 9–13) showing higher enzyme activity were pooled and subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatogra ...
... chromatography (Figure 1A). Subsequently, the protease activity of each fraction was examined, and it was found in 2 fractions (fractions 9–13 and 16–18). The high molecular weight fractions (fraction 9–13) showing higher enzyme activity were pooled and subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatogra ...
CBS (EC 4.2.1.22). The rate equation for the CBS reaction
... influx rate and for simulation of in vitro kinetics of change in AdoMet and Met concentrations in hepatocytes. Simulation of the in vitro kinetics of methionine metabolism was examined at wmed/whep=99 (i.e. 1% cell suspension) and Vinflux = 0. All model variables except [Met] were set to physiologic ...
... influx rate and for simulation of in vitro kinetics of change in AdoMet and Met concentrations in hepatocytes. Simulation of the in vitro kinetics of methionine metabolism was examined at wmed/whep=99 (i.e. 1% cell suspension) and Vinflux = 0. All model variables except [Met] were set to physiologic ...
INOTROPIC AGENTS - Dr Ted Williams
... Each step involves a protease converting an inactive precursor protein (zymogen) into another catalytically-active protease. Non-enzyme protein cofactors and Ca2+ are also required at most steps Also need organizing surface provided by platelet plug One example of an enzyme cascade ...
... Each step involves a protease converting an inactive precursor protein (zymogen) into another catalytically-active protease. Non-enzyme protein cofactors and Ca2+ are also required at most steps Also need organizing surface provided by platelet plug One example of an enzyme cascade ...
Catalytic Strategies
... • Understand the importance of and need for enzymes in biological reactions. • Understand how an enzyme’s effect on the transition state and destabilization of the enzyme-substrate complex can affect reaction rates. • What role does transition-state stabilization play in enzyme catalysis? • Why is p ...
... • Understand the importance of and need for enzymes in biological reactions. • Understand how an enzyme’s effect on the transition state and destabilization of the enzyme-substrate complex can affect reaction rates. • What role does transition-state stabilization play in enzyme catalysis? • Why is p ...
Consortium for Educational Communication
... reactions. Several other coenzymes are involved in the transfer of a variety of additional chemical groups (e.g. carboxyl groups and acyl goups). Cofactors are essential for the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Some examples of cofactors are Clˉ, Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+, K+, Ca2+, etc. There are also ...
... reactions. Several other coenzymes are involved in the transfer of a variety of additional chemical groups (e.g. carboxyl groups and acyl goups). Cofactors are essential for the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Some examples of cofactors are Clˉ, Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Co2+, K+, Ca2+, etc. There are also ...
Properties and Kinetic Analysis of UDP
... are consistent with a bi-uni-uni-bi ping-pong mechanism in which UDP-glucose is bound first and UDPglucuronate is released last. UDP-xylose was found to be a competitive inhibitor (Ki, 2.7 mM) of the enzyme. The enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by uridine 5*-diphosphate-chloroacetol due to the alk ...
... are consistent with a bi-uni-uni-bi ping-pong mechanism in which UDP-glucose is bound first and UDPglucuronate is released last. UDP-xylose was found to be a competitive inhibitor (Ki, 2.7 mM) of the enzyme. The enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by uridine 5*-diphosphate-chloroacetol due to the alk ...
Free fatty acids regulate the uncoupling protein and alternative
... BSA plus the A O X activators, D T T (reductant) and Pyr, (c) in the presence of D T T and Pyr plus a substrate of P U M P , 3.9 ~tM LA and (d) in the presence of D T T and Pyr. When P U M P was blocked, a significant stimulation of CN-resistant respiration (taking into account both the absolute val ...
... BSA plus the A O X activators, D T T (reductant) and Pyr, (c) in the presence of D T T and Pyr plus a substrate of P U M P , 3.9 ~tM LA and (d) in the presence of D T T and Pyr. When P U M P was blocked, a significant stimulation of CN-resistant respiration (taking into account both the absolute val ...
Engineering of metabolic pathways by artificial enzyme channels
... enzymes into metabolons offers several advantages (Jørgensen et al., 2005; Conrado et al., 2008) when compared to isolated, soluble enzymes. The overall catalytic efficiency is increased because active centers of sequential pathway enzymes are brought into close proximity (enforced proximity) allo ...
... enzymes into metabolons offers several advantages (Jørgensen et al., 2005; Conrado et al., 2008) when compared to isolated, soluble enzymes. The overall catalytic efficiency is increased because active centers of sequential pathway enzymes are brought into close proximity (enforced proximity) allo ...
Conformational flexibility may explain multiple cellular roles of PEST
... motifs in eukaryotic proteomes. PEST motifs were found to be overrepresented in the proteins belonging to nucleic acid and protein binding, transcription regulation, and signal transduction classes.15 They were also found to be surface exposed, enriched in characterized disordered protein database, ...
... motifs in eukaryotic proteomes. PEST motifs were found to be overrepresented in the proteins belonging to nucleic acid and protein binding, transcription regulation, and signal transduction classes.15 They were also found to be surface exposed, enriched in characterized disordered protein database, ...
Ultrasensitivity
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ultrasensitivity.png?width=300)
In molecular biology, ultrasensitivity describes an output response that is more sensitive to stimulus change than the hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten response. Ultrasensitivity is one of the biochemical switches in the cell cycle and has been implicated in a number of important cellular events, including exiting G2 cell cycle arrests in Xenopus laevis oocytes, a stage to which the cell or organism would not want to return.Ultrasensitivity is a cellular system which triggers entry into a different cellular state. Ultrasensitivity gives a small response to first input signal, but an increase in the input signal produces higher and higher levels of output. This acts to filter out noise, as small stimuli and threshold concentrations of the stimulus (input signal) is necessary for the trigger which allows the system to get activated quickly. Ultrasensitive responses are represented by sigmoidal graphs, which resemble cooperativity. Quantification of ultrasensitivity is often approximated by the Hill equation (biochemistry):Response= Stimulus^n/(EC50^n+Stimulus^n)Where Hill's coefficient (n) may represent quantitative measure of ultrasensitive response.