Negative regulation of the interferon response by
... ABSTRACT Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in diverse cellular processes; however, their involvement in many critical aspects of the immune response including the interferon (IFN) response remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we compared the global gene expression pattern ...
... ABSTRACT Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in diverse cellular processes; however, their involvement in many critical aspects of the immune response including the interferon (IFN) response remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we compared the global gene expression pattern ...
The Role of Receptor-Like Kinases in Regulating Cell Wall Function1
... CrRLK1L gene family, as combining the1 with herk1 and/or herk2 mutations, single mutants that are also aphenotypic, resulted in strong effects on cell expansion, including decreased petiole length and shoot growth (Guo et al., 2009a, 2009b), similar to the effects of the fer mutation. The overall de ...
... CrRLK1L gene family, as combining the1 with herk1 and/or herk2 mutations, single mutants that are also aphenotypic, resulted in strong effects on cell expansion, including decreased petiole length and shoot growth (Guo et al., 2009a, 2009b), similar to the effects of the fer mutation. The overall de ...
Collagen Binding Proteins Derived from the Embryonic Fibroblast
... The discovery of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide and its role in cell surface-ECM binding was a major advance in the understanding of substrate adhesion (Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti, 1984). The RGD receptors comprise a superfamily of translation products termed the Integrins (Hynes, 1987; Buck and Hor ...
... The discovery of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide and its role in cell surface-ECM binding was a major advance in the understanding of substrate adhesion (Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti, 1984). The RGD receptors comprise a superfamily of translation products termed the Integrins (Hynes, 1987; Buck and Hor ...
division plane control in plants: new players in the band
... actin depolymerizing drugs applied during mitosis or cytokinesis. However, KDZs were no longer seen when early PPB microtubules were depolymerized. After drug washout, most cells reformed both a PPB and a KDZ, but some failed to reconstitute a PPB or a KDZ, suggesting that KDZ formation depends on t ...
... actin depolymerizing drugs applied during mitosis or cytokinesis. However, KDZs were no longer seen when early PPB microtubules were depolymerized. After drug washout, most cells reformed both a PPB and a KDZ, but some failed to reconstitute a PPB or a KDZ, suggesting that KDZ formation depends on t ...
Plant serine/arginine-rich proteins and their role in pre
... one of these proteins (UBP) in protoplasts enhanced the splicing of pre-mRNAs that are otherwise inefficiently processed. The importance of the GC content in exons in efficient splicing, and an AG-rich exonic element in promoting downstream 5 0 splice site selection, has also been reported in some c ...
... one of these proteins (UBP) in protoplasts enhanced the splicing of pre-mRNAs that are otherwise inefficiently processed. The importance of the GC content in exons in efficient splicing, and an AG-rich exonic element in promoting downstream 5 0 splice site selection, has also been reported in some c ...
Brainstem- Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata
... Ill-defined collections of neurones and fibres with diffuse connections Their conduction paths are difficult to define, often complex and polysynaptic, They have ascending and descending components that are partly crossed and uncrossed. Components are associated with somatic and visceral functions ...
... Ill-defined collections of neurones and fibres with diffuse connections Their conduction paths are difficult to define, often complex and polysynaptic, They have ascending and descending components that are partly crossed and uncrossed. Components are associated with somatic and visceral functions ...
The nervous system
... includes the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain (一) External features 1 The ventral surface of brain stem ① the medulla oblongata pyramid, decussation of pyramid, olive, four pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the medulla oblongata ( IX-XII, the glossopharyngeal N, vagus N, accessory N and hypogl ...
... includes the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain (一) External features 1 The ventral surface of brain stem ① the medulla oblongata pyramid, decussation of pyramid, olive, four pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the medulla oblongata ( IX-XII, the glossopharyngeal N, vagus N, accessory N and hypogl ...
Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 - ReadingSample - Beck-Shop
... Cross sections at different levels (left, myelin stain; right, cellular stain) vary considerably. In the regions of cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement, the crosssectional area is larger than in the rest of the spinal cord; it is largest at the C4 – C5 and L4 – L5 levels. In both swellings, ...
... Cross sections at different levels (left, myelin stain; right, cellular stain) vary considerably. In the regions of cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement, the crosssectional area is larger than in the rest of the spinal cord; it is largest at the C4 – C5 and L4 – L5 levels. In both swellings, ...
Test Bank - rsffa.org
... 6. The storage structure indicated in Figure 7–6 by the letter F is a(an) ____________________ . 7. Cells that need to make a lot of protein are expected to have a large number of ________________. 8. In plants, ____________________ capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy, w ...
... 6. The storage structure indicated in Figure 7–6 by the letter F is a(an) ____________________ . 7. Cells that need to make a lot of protein are expected to have a large number of ________________. 8. In plants, ____________________ capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy, w ...
Multiple pathways contribute to nuclear import of core histones
... newly synthesized core histones and their deposition onto DNA to form the regularly repeated unit of eukaryotic chromatin, the nucleosome (for review see Verreault, 2000). Although a number of factors have been identified aiding the process of nucleosome assembly, the molecular mechanism by which co ...
... newly synthesized core histones and their deposition onto DNA to form the regularly repeated unit of eukaryotic chromatin, the nucleosome (for review see Verreault, 2000). Although a number of factors have been identified aiding the process of nucleosome assembly, the molecular mechanism by which co ...
Cytoskeletal Elements in Bacteria
... of the physiology of the cell. Bacterial tubulin (FtsZ), actin (MreB), and intermediate filament (IF) proteins are key elements in cell division, chromosome and plasmid segregation, and maintenance of proper cell shape, as well as in maintenance of cell polarity and assembly of intracellular organell ...
... of the physiology of the cell. Bacterial tubulin (FtsZ), actin (MreB), and intermediate filament (IF) proteins are key elements in cell division, chromosome and plasmid segregation, and maintenance of proper cell shape, as well as in maintenance of cell polarity and assembly of intracellular organell ...
Cell Structure
... • The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope – It contains chromatin -a DNA-protein structure – It contains a nucleolus - which produces ribosomal parts ...
... • The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope – It contains chromatin -a DNA-protein structure – It contains a nucleolus - which produces ribosomal parts ...
LISC 322 Neuroscience Extraocular Muscles Extraocular Muscle
... separate issues: controlling the amplitude of the movement (how far to go!), and controlling the direction of the movement (which way to go!). The amplitude of a saccade is determined by the activity in the lower motor neurons within the three oculomotor nuclei. The direction of a saccade is determi ...
... separate issues: controlling the amplitude of the movement (how far to go!), and controlling the direction of the movement (which way to go!). The amplitude of a saccade is determined by the activity in the lower motor neurons within the three oculomotor nuclei. The direction of a saccade is determi ...
An A/ENTH Domain-Containing Protein Functions
... Among a large number of ANTH domain proteins, AP180 is involved in endocytosis in both animal and plant cells (Mao et al., 2001; Barth and Holstein, 2004). Among the ENTH domain proteins, Epsin1, Epsin2, and Epsin3 in animal cells and ENT1 in yeast function in endocytosis (Chen et al., 1998; Aguilar ...
... Among a large number of ANTH domain proteins, AP180 is involved in endocytosis in both animal and plant cells (Mao et al., 2001; Barth and Holstein, 2004). Among the ENTH domain proteins, Epsin1, Epsin2, and Epsin3 in animal cells and ENT1 in yeast function in endocytosis (Chen et al., 1998; Aguilar ...
Cell-cycle regulation
... regulators in late G1 and S involves cullin-based E3 ligases such as SCF, while in M phase and early G1 the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is active. The exclamation figure denotes the active kinase complex, the large arrow indicates time. ...
... regulators in late G1 and S involves cullin-based E3 ligases such as SCF, while in M phase and early G1 the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is active. The exclamation figure denotes the active kinase complex, the large arrow indicates time. ...
NETosis: how vital is it?
... requirement of oxidants for NET formation may be disease specific and not universal to all forms of NETosis. A key requirement of NET generation is the mobilization of nuclear material from the nucleus to the environment. Many eukaryotic cells routinely dismantle their nuclear envelope, independent o ...
... requirement of oxidants for NET formation may be disease specific and not universal to all forms of NETosis. A key requirement of NET generation is the mobilization of nuclear material from the nucleus to the environment. Many eukaryotic cells routinely dismantle their nuclear envelope, independent o ...
Science Quarter 4 Lessons
... It is recommended that the content statements be combined and taught as a whole (e.g., levels of organization can be interwoven with the concept of cells as the fundamental unit of life). Cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells form a tissue such a ...
... It is recommended that the content statements be combined and taught as a whole (e.g., levels of organization can be interwoven with the concept of cells as the fundamental unit of life). Cells perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms. Groups of specialized cells form a tissue such a ...
Protein Targeting into the Complex Plastid of Cryptophytes
... 2002), thereby leading to a preprotein with the ability to reach the stroma of the plastid with an N-terminal transit peptide only (Cavalier-Smith 2003). For crossing the periplastidal membrane of complex plastids (PPM) with four surrounding membranes, two models are discussed, a vesicle shuttling m ...
... 2002), thereby leading to a preprotein with the ability to reach the stroma of the plastid with an N-terminal transit peptide only (Cavalier-Smith 2003). For crossing the periplastidal membrane of complex plastids (PPM) with four surrounding membranes, two models are discussed, a vesicle shuttling m ...
A note on the fine structure of a spirochaete By A. V. GRIMSTONE
... occur in the more central parts of the cell-body (figs, i, D; 2, A). These lighter areas measure about o-i to 0-2 /x across and contain small numbers of delicate fibres 20 to 40 A in diameter. The general appearance is similar to that of the chromatin bodies of bacteria (see Glauert, 1962). No inter ...
... occur in the more central parts of the cell-body (figs, i, D; 2, A). These lighter areas measure about o-i to 0-2 /x across and contain small numbers of delicate fibres 20 to 40 A in diameter. The general appearance is similar to that of the chromatin bodies of bacteria (see Glauert, 1962). No inter ...
GNOM-LIKE1/ERMO1 and SEC24a/ERMO2 Are
... and Walz, 2001). The outer nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER, and the rough ER is distinguished from smooth ER by the presence of ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane. The ER forms a dynamic polygonal network composed of tubules, sheets, and three-way junctions. In addition ...
... and Walz, 2001). The outer nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER, and the rough ER is distinguished from smooth ER by the presence of ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane. The ER forms a dynamic polygonal network composed of tubules, sheets, and three-way junctions. In addition ...
Transcription- and translation-dependent changes in membrane
... Thus, high-level expression of a gene encoding a membrane protein may result in the formation of a compact region (domain) in the membrane, which is highly enriched by this protein and its preferred phospholipid (Fig. 1). Nascent polypeptides are kept together in such a domain by the dynamic structu ...
... Thus, high-level expression of a gene encoding a membrane protein may result in the formation of a compact region (domain) in the membrane, which is highly enriched by this protein and its preferred phospholipid (Fig. 1). Nascent polypeptides are kept together in such a domain by the dynamic structu ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.