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Chapter 8 cell-structure and function.pmd
Chapter 8 cell-structure and function.pmd

... 17. Which of the following is not a cell? (a) Red Blood Corpuscle (RBC) (b) bacterium (c) spermatozoa (d) virus 18. Which of the following feature will help you in distinguishing a plant cell from an animal cell? (a) cell wall (c) mitochondria (b) cell membrane (d) nucleus 19. Under a microscope Pah ...
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... Sister chromatids are attached to each other at the centromere The centrosomes move away from each other, apparently propelled by the lengthening microtubules between them The nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules of the spindle fiber can now invade the nuclear area and interact with the chr ...
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...  It is formed from formed elements  Cells  Platelets  It is suspended in extracellular matrix (plasma)  Blood volume in an average adult is 5-6L  It functions in a number of ways  Acid-base balance  Osmotic balance  Helps regulate body temperature  Plasma is composed of the following:  90 ...
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... Histology = study of tissues Tissue = group of cells with similar structure and function They are classified according to the shape of the cell, size, intracellular matrix. Four types of human tissues:  Epithelial tissue  Connective tissue  Muscular tissue  Nervous tissue The organ can may consi ...
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Test 1: Cell Structure and Function

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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