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How does the cytoskeleton read the laws of
How does the cytoskeleton read the laws of

... has already joined the mother wall. An hypothesis is discussed in which tensile strands - against a background of cortical re-organization during pre-mitosis tend to seek the minimal path between nucleus and cortex. In this way, it is suggested that unstable strands are gradually drawn into a transv ...
Production of Bacteriolytic Enzymes and Degradation
Production of Bacteriolytic Enzymes and Degradation

... enzymes was consistent with the possession of an endopeptidase or an N-acetylmuramyl-Lalanine amidase (Ghuysen, 1968), although the non-linear kinetics and the release of low levels of reducing groups suggested the presence of additional activities. Phialophora radicicola and Chaetomium sp. also pro ...
Identification of the factors that interact with NCBP, an 80 kDa
Identification of the factors that interact with NCBP, an 80 kDa

... NCBP (15) were found in NIP1. This means that NIP1 is associated with NCBP during extensive purification procedures, indicating that NCBP is in a stable complex with NIP1. It is highly likely that NIP1 is identical to CBP20, previously described by Izaurralde et al. (16). They have shown that NCBP/C ...
Receptor Fragments: Intracellular Signaling and
Receptor Fragments: Intracellular Signaling and

... studies indicate that the endothelin B (ETB) receptor, a classic rhodopsin-like Class A GPCR (as is the angiotensin AT1 receptor), is located primarily in nuclei of rat ventricular cardiac myocytes. Western blot analyses of purified nuclei show this receptor to copurify with nucleoporin 62, and liga ...
Lecture 9 - Fatty Acid Metabolism
Lecture 9 - Fatty Acid Metabolism

...  Glucose enters the cells via the basolateral membrane via specific transport system.  Some glucose is converted to galactose in the cell.  Both glucose and galactose enter the GA and react resulting in the formation of lactose. ...
Media: Calcium_Presentation_Final
Media: Calcium_Presentation_Final

... ● In some plants tissues, Ca2+ makes up 10% of total tissue dry weight. ● High concentrations in vacuole, cell wall, ER, and chloroplast ● Very low concentration in cytoplasm (0.1-0.2 micromolar) ○ Ca2+ can be extremely toxic in high cytoplasmic concentrations. ...
Coupled elasticity–diffusion model for the effects of cytoskeleton
Coupled elasticity–diffusion model for the effects of cytoskeleton

... either directly or indirectly [12–15]. This phenomenon eventually leads to a close functional connection between the actin cytoskeleton and the internalization step of endocytosis. Therefore, many virologists and physiologists [16–18] have pointed out that the physical barrier imposed by the cortica ...
Reverse Engineering Models of Cell Cycle Regulation
Reverse Engineering Models of Cell Cycle Regulation

... To an applied mathematician, Figure 2 looks suspiciously like a bifurcation diagram. In dynamical systems theory,18,19 a bifurcation point is a specific parameter value where the steady state solutions of a nonlinear differential equation change in number and/or stability. Bifurcations can be visual ...
Making parallel lines meet
Making parallel lines meet

Atg18 function in autophagy is regulated by specific sites within its b
Atg18 function in autophagy is regulated by specific sites within its b

... degradation while autophagy permits the elimination of large protein complexes and entire organelles or microorganisms, allowing the turnover of all cellular components (Nakatogawa et al., 2009; Ravid and Hochstrasser, 2008). Autophagy is characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles ca ...
Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial
Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial

... 2008; Davies et al., 2011). In contrast, the inner boundary membrane mainly contains protein complexes that are involved in the functional cooperation between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, like the machineries for the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins (Figure 1) ( ...
Meiosis Flip Project Lena Wachs
Meiosis Flip Project Lena Wachs

... The purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes and genetic variation. After meiosis, there are four haploids, each with different sets of chromosomes. This increases the genetic variation which allows for evolution and the adaptation of organisms to different environments and for sexual reproduction t ...
The enemy within: ricin and plant cells
The enemy within: ricin and plant cells

... the most potent cell poisons known. It is able to bind and enter most mammalian cells where it exploits their fully reversible secretory pathway to reach the endoplasmic reticulum. Ricin is then able to exit the endoplasmic reticulum to access the cytosol where it inhibits protein synthesis, thus ki ...
Ribosome - SRP - signal sequence interactions
Ribosome - SRP - signal sequence interactions

... In addition, a perhaps naive problem is to picture how the signal peptide can interfere with the SRP-docking protein interaction if it is somehow sequestered inside the SRP. If we take these difficulties at face value, can we devise some other model that might more easily account for the experimenta ...
T-tubule proliferation facilitates trans
T-tubule proliferation facilitates trans

... NCX-mediated Ca2+ extrusion were also ...
Microbiology – Chapter 4, Bacteria
Microbiology – Chapter 4, Bacteria

... Some antibiotics work by messing with the “ribosome” Slightly smaller than our eukaryote ribosome, so antibiotic can work ...
Nervous System II Yellow
Nervous System II Yellow

... The Path of a Neurotransmitter When the neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic cell, it either creates (excitatory neurotransmitter) or inhibits (inhibitory neurotransmitter) an action potential in that neuron. In other words, an electrical signal (action potential) triggers the release of a ch ...
qnsrbio
qnsrbio

... associated with the so-called epithelial sheets in the biosystems. ...
Gap junctions between optic nerve head astrocytes.
Gap junctions between optic nerve head astrocytes.

... metabolic coupling.11 In electrical coupling, a current applied to one cell spreads to its coupled neighboring cell to a greater degree than would be expected from their physical closeness. Ions seem to pass from one cell to the next via lowresistance pathways. Since all cells with electrical coupli ...
Chloroplast structure: from chlorophyll granules to supra
Chloroplast structure: from chlorophyll granules to supra

... stacks within a chloroplast are interconnected by about eight parallel, evenly spaced stroma thylakoids, which intersect the grana membranes and form right-handed helices around the stacks. At each intersection, a narrow, neck-like membrane region connects the grana and stroma membrane domains. How ...
Turgor Pressure
Turgor Pressure

... only be 0.03 bars (0.003 MPa). Thus plants operate at high pressures that are essential to the way they interact with their environment. Many examples can be found ranging from the subcellular to the whole plant. The activity of the transport proteins pumping solutes into the cell can be regulated b ...
Bacterial Classification
Bacterial Classification

... Injury of Plasma Membrane – Alteration in permeability – Interference with required consituents, e.g. sterols in fungal lipid membranes – Polymixin B (bacteria) – Amphotericin B or miconazole (fungal) ...
word - My eCoach
word - My eCoach

... 2. Where in the human body do cells undergo mitosis? 3. How does a cell prepare to divide during interphase of the cell cycle? 4. Based on the objectives for this lab, write a question you would like to explore about mitosis. ...
SepF, a novel FtsZ-interacting protein required for a late step in cell
SepF, a novel FtsZ-interacting protein required for a late step in cell

Midterm Exam Guidelines Sheet- Biology II 2015 Introduction List
Midterm Exam Guidelines Sheet- Biology II 2015 Introduction List

... Describe the basic structure of a monosaccharide (glucose), including hydroxides and carbon groups Give examples of monosaccharide Describe and give examples of polysaccharides Describe how carbohydrates connect together to form complex carbohydrates Explain the function of lipids in the body Identi ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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