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mesoderm
mesoderm

... By the 8th day, the inner cell mass differentiates into two layers of cells ...
The C-terminal end of R-Ras contains a focal adhesion targeting
The C-terminal end of R-Ras contains a focal adhesion targeting

... R-Ras uses the endomembrane transport route To investigate the targeting of R-Ras, we constructed constitutive active (38V) and dominant-negative (43N) mutants of R-Ras and tagged them to EGFP. Western blot analysis of Hela cell extracts harbouring these constructs showed the presence of a 55 kDa pr ...
phosphatases and differentiation of the golgi apparatus
phosphatases and differentiation of the golgi apparatus

... Goldfischer, 1961; Goldfischer et al. 1964 and others) in the root tip of Zea mays where morphological sequences of differentiation of the Golgi apparatus for participation in secretory activity have been established. The essentially linear arrangement of cells in this system has allowed close corre ...
KRP3A and KRP3B: Candidate Motors in Spermatid Maturation in
KRP3A and KRP3B: Candidate Motors in Spermatid Maturation in

... including structural support of germ cells as well as positioning spermatids within the epithelium. Molecular motors perform important functions in many types of intracellular motility and are specialized to perform tasks ranging from chromosome segregation to vesicle transport (reviewed in [1–3]). ...
The Intracellular Growth of Fowl -Plague Virus
The Intracellular Growth of Fowl -Plague Virus

... little change. They appeared, 24 hr. after inoculation, perhaps larger than normal; after 48 hr., some were somewhat shorter and thicker, with clubbed ends. Only when the cell was about to disintegrate did the mitochondria become rounded up. Small granular inclusions were sometimes seen in the cytop ...
Fine structure of cell types in an ameloblastoma
Fine structure of cell types in an ameloblastoma

7.Development of mid..
7.Development of mid..

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Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion
Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion

... interact with dynamin and work in synergy with it to tubulate and vesiculate cellular membranes. Interestingly, expression of F-BAR proteins leads to a dramatic tubulation of the plasma membrane; however, when dynamin is co-expressed, the cells cannot form pronounced tubules (Fig. 2). Instead, these ...
Vascular tissue microscopy - teacher notes
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... Photos can be taken down the eyepiece with a mobile phone camera with a little care and persistence, and can be kept by students as evidence of their work. Fresh celery from a supermarket is good and many different plant stems can be found around the fruit and veg., section as well as from the cut f ...
Lab 8 - Meiosis and Gametogenesis
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... Part 3: Mammalian Gametogenesis The formation of gametes, or gametogenesis, is the first stage in sexual reproduction. In single-celled organisms, e.g., many Protista, the vegetative cell can simply act as a gamete. In more complex organisms specialized regions within the organism take on the role ...
Eukaryotic checkpoints are absent in the cell division cycle of
Eukaryotic checkpoints are absent in the cell division cycle of

... nucleus in uni-nucleated and multi-nucleated trophozoites showed that the DNA content of each nucleus varied from 1n to 10n on an average (Das and Lohia 2002). Sporadically, nuclei with greater than 10n genome contents could also be detected. Similar results were also observed with trophozoites of t ...
A Novel Nuclear Pore Protein Nup82p Which
A Novel Nuclear Pore Protein Nup82p Which

... reporter proteins inside the nucleus by analyzing conditionally lethal nucleoporin mutants at the restrictive condition. Among the tested NPC proteins, Nsplp (Mutvei et al., 1992; Nehrbass et al., 1993), Nup49p (Doye et al., 1994), Nic96p (Grandi et al., 1995) and Nuplp (Bogerd et al., 1994) exhibit ...
GT-B fold
GT-B fold

... (ST6Gal, ST3Gal, ST8Sia, ....) ...
A Small, Novel Protein Highly Conserved in Plants and Animals
A Small, Novel Protein Highly Conserved in Plants and Animals

... 35% overall identity between BRK1 and any one of the animal proteins. Proteins in this previously unrecognized family are present in all eukaryotic genomes searched except those of fungi, including the fully sequenced genome of S. cerevisiae. The conservation of both sequence and size of plant and a ...
When plant cells decide to divide
When plant cells decide to divide

... different cyclins that can be classified as A, B, D and H types by sequence comparison with their mammalian homologues (K. Vandepoele, pers. commun.); the A, B and D types are studied most intensively27. The transcript levels of most of the plant D-type cyclins are almost constant during the cell cy ...
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis

... Lysosomes, the major membrane-bound degradative organelles, have a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes are the terminal compartments in the endocytic pathway, though they display highly dynamic behaviors, fusing with each other and with late endosomes in the endocytic pathway, and ...
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR

... the two membranous sacs of the vestibule. • The front sac known as the saccule (sacculus) communicates with the membranous cochlea lying before the vestibule, while the rear sac or utricle (utriculus) is connected with the three membranous semicircular canals passing behind and above the vestibule. ...
Endocrine System
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... Nonsteroid Hormones Once bound to the receptor, the receptor changes chemically sending a message into the cell. This chemical message activates DNA within the nucleus causing the production of proteins coded by that portion of DNA. ...
1EAR ANATOMY
1EAR ANATOMY

... the two membranous sacs of the vestibule. • The front sac known as the saccule (sacculus) communicates with the membranous cochlea lying before the vestibule, while the rear sac or utricle (utriculus) is connected with the three membranous semicircular canals passing behind and above the vestibule. ...
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR

... the two membranous sacs of the vestibule. • The front sac known as the saccule (sacculus) communicates with the membranous cochlea lying before the vestibule, while the rear sac or utricle (utriculus) is connected with the three membranous semicircular canals passing behind and above the vestibule. ...
Skin and Nail: Barrier Function, Structure, and
Skin and Nail: Barrier Function, Structure, and

... Lastly, drugs can travel between cells via intercellular channels. It is generally accepted that the extracellular SC lipids play a key role in limiting the diffusion of compounds through the SC. Lipids exist in bilamellar structures in the SC extracellular space, each layer separated from the other ...
Answer
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... Mitosis for 2 Question: Which phase of mitosis do all the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell? Check Your Answer ...
Examination of the endosomal and lysosomal pathways in
Examination of the endosomal and lysosomal pathways in

... actin cortex, and changes in cortical organization could influence lysosomal-related membrane events such as internalization or transit of vesicles to the cell surface. ...
Subcellular Localization and Functional Analysis
Subcellular Localization and Functional Analysis

... Membrane trafficking plays a fundamental role in eukaryotic cell biology. Of the numerous known or predicted protein components of the plant cell trafficking system, only a relatively small subset have been characterized with respect to their biological roles in plant growth, development, and respon ...
A Genome-Wide Screen for Bacterial Envelope Biogenesis Mutants
A Genome-Wide Screen for Bacterial Envelope Biogenesis Mutants

... progress has been made in our understanding of Gram-negative envelope assembly over the last two decades [11]. Most of the essential envelope biogenesis systems have now been identified in E. coli and related proteobacterial pathogens including: (i) the Sec system that transports proteins across the ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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