Polarity and cell division orientation in the cleavage embryo: from
... 2005). Therefore, and after considering the relative order of timing between the two asynchronous cell divisions, four distinct types of 4-cell stage embryo can be distinguished: ME, EM, MM and EE. It has been shown that the pattern of the second cleavage division, as well as the order in which thes ...
... 2005). Therefore, and after considering the relative order of timing between the two asynchronous cell divisions, four distinct types of 4-cell stage embryo can be distinguished: ME, EM, MM and EE. It has been shown that the pattern of the second cleavage division, as well as the order in which thes ...
Actin Microfilaments Regulate Vacuolar Structures and Dynamics
... To visualize MF and VM structures simultaneously in living plant cells, we used the tobacco BY-GF11 cell line (Sano et al. 2005) and FM4-64, a stylyl dye that specifically labeled the VM (Kutsuna and Hasezawa 2002). It was possible to do this in tobacco BY-GV7 cells, in which the VM was labeled by G ...
... To visualize MF and VM structures simultaneously in living plant cells, we used the tobacco BY-GF11 cell line (Sano et al. 2005) and FM4-64, a stylyl dye that specifically labeled the VM (Kutsuna and Hasezawa 2002). It was possible to do this in tobacco BY-GV7 cells, in which the VM was labeled by G ...
Using light to shape chemical gradients for parallel and automated
... et al, 2010). Despite many years of research, the molecular mechanisms responsible for spatial sensing have remained elusive. One challenge in the field has been that the response of cells to chemoattractant stimulation is complex and multifaceted. Cells respond by increasing their motility (chemoki ...
... et al, 2010). Despite many years of research, the molecular mechanisms responsible for spatial sensing have remained elusive. One challenge in the field has been that the response of cells to chemoattractant stimulation is complex and multifaceted. Cells respond by increasing their motility (chemoki ...
Heavy Metals and Metalloids As a Cause for Protein Misfolding and
... structure in a highly motile molten globule state) while the rest of the polypeptide chain is still being synthesized on the ribosome [38,39]. Experiments on in vitro refolding are usually performed with a purified protein at low concentration, i.e., under conditions that maximize the yield of refol ...
... structure in a highly motile molten globule state) while the rest of the polypeptide chain is still being synthesized on the ribosome [38,39]. Experiments on in vitro refolding are usually performed with a purified protein at low concentration, i.e., under conditions that maximize the yield of refol ...
... frequently were found associated with the three-way junctions of ER tubules, where they often remained stable for tens of seconds. Occasionally, individual stacks appeared to break free from the cortical ER network and traverse the cytoplasm before rejoining the network (Figure 2A, arrows). These Go ...
Genetic Analysis of the Yeast Cytoskeleton.
... filaments (S. J. Kron, D. Drubin, J. A. Spudich & D. Botstein, unpublished observations), a property commonto actin filaments from several diverse species (46). The similarity of these proteins suggests that cytoskeletal structures assembled by yeast and other eukaryotes are much alike and probably ...
... filaments (S. J. Kron, D. Drubin, J. A. Spudich & D. Botstein, unpublished observations), a property commonto actin filaments from several diverse species (46). The similarity of these proteins suggests that cytoskeletal structures assembled by yeast and other eukaryotes are much alike and probably ...
a complexity drain on cells in the evolution of
... Golgi complexes, for example, are all absent (Weiss 1984). In contrast, Perispira, a free-living ciliate, contains many such parts, including all of those listed above plus a second type of nucleus (the macronucleus), contractile vacuoles, cilia, and others. These are extreme cases, but even the mor ...
... Golgi complexes, for example, are all absent (Weiss 1984). In contrast, Perispira, a free-living ciliate, contains many such parts, including all of those listed above plus a second type of nucleus (the macronucleus), contractile vacuoles, cilia, and others. These are extreme cases, but even the mor ...
BIOLOGY I MIDTERM OBJECTIVES Chapter 1 (The Nature of
... 2) Describe the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 3) Explain the differences between plant and animal cells 4) Review the functions of the cellular organelles (especially Golgi, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, nucleolus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleto ...
... 2) Describe the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 3) Explain the differences between plant and animal cells 4) Review the functions of the cellular organelles (especially Golgi, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, nucleolus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleto ...
DISCUSSION The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential processes in... including cell motility, cell shape, phagocytosis, and cytokinesis. Three distinct...
... The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential processes in all eukaryotic cells, including cell motility, cell shape, phagocytosis, and cytokinesis. Three distinct kinds of actin-based structures have been identified, which are regulated by the Rho family of GTPases: Cdc42 induces filopodia ...
... The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential processes in all eukaryotic cells, including cell motility, cell shape, phagocytosis, and cytokinesis. Three distinct kinds of actin-based structures have been identified, which are regulated by the Rho family of GTPases: Cdc42 induces filopodia ...
Gibberellin-Induced α
... cell wall matrix that could promote wall extension. Auxin-induced growth is not associated with an increase in XET activity. Thus the effect is specific for gibberellins. One possibility is that XET facilitates the penetration of expansins into the cell wall. According to this view, GA and auxins ma ...
... cell wall matrix that could promote wall extension. Auxin-induced growth is not associated with an increase in XET activity. Thus the effect is specific for gibberellins. One possibility is that XET facilitates the penetration of expansins into the cell wall. According to this view, GA and auxins ma ...
New Views on the Plant Cytoskeleton
... and new and improved imaging technologies, is changing our views on the form, the function, and the regulation of the plant cytoskeleton. Ever since their discovery in plant cells in the 1960s and 1970s, the function of microtubules and actin microfilaments has been analyzed largely by pharmacologic ...
... and new and improved imaging technologies, is changing our views on the form, the function, and the regulation of the plant cytoskeleton. Ever since their discovery in plant cells in the 1960s and 1970s, the function of microtubules and actin microfilaments has been analyzed largely by pharmacologic ...
Synthesis of a Callosic Substance during Rhizoid Differentiation in
... then extends via tip growth. An elaborate rosette-shaped rhizoid is finally formed (Nagata 1973a, Inoue et al. 1999). In the present study, we found that a callosic substance is formed during rhizoid differentiation in Spirogyra. Spirogyra collected from a stream near our laboratory was cultured, as ...
... then extends via tip growth. An elaborate rosette-shaped rhizoid is finally formed (Nagata 1973a, Inoue et al. 1999). In the present study, we found that a callosic substance is formed during rhizoid differentiation in Spirogyra. Spirogyra collected from a stream near our laboratory was cultured, as ...
Analysis of the cell cycle of fibroblasts derived from the LEC rat after
... The LEC rat is reported to exhibit hypersensitivity to X-irradiation, deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair, and radio-resistant DNA synthesis. This character of the LEC rat has been thought to be due to abnormal G１arrest in cells after X-irradiation. In this report, we re-investigated the ef ...
... The LEC rat is reported to exhibit hypersensitivity to X-irradiation, deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair, and radio-resistant DNA synthesis. This character of the LEC rat has been thought to be due to abnormal G１arrest in cells after X-irradiation. In this report, we re-investigated the ef ...
GEFs: master regulators of G
... barrier is reduced by GEFs. Certain GEFs have also been called guanine-nucleotide release factors (GRFs) or guanine-nucleotide dissociation factors (GDFs). GEFs are not to be confused with guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which trap G proteins in an inactive GDP-bound state, nor wi ...
... barrier is reduced by GEFs. Certain GEFs have also been called guanine-nucleotide release factors (GRFs) or guanine-nucleotide dissociation factors (GDFs). GEFs are not to be confused with guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which trap G proteins in an inactive GDP-bound state, nor wi ...
the Cell
... – Enzymes catalyze reactions associated with the membranes, such as cell wall synthesis – Others serve as anchors for structural components of the cytoskeleton – Transport proteins move substances across the membrane – Receptors for external signals trigger processes within the cell – The latter two ...
... – Enzymes catalyze reactions associated with the membranes, such as cell wall synthesis – Others serve as anchors for structural components of the cytoskeleton – Transport proteins move substances across the membrane – Receptors for external signals trigger processes within the cell – The latter two ...
Bacteria - Edmonds
... additional layer of membrane of lipopolysaccharide - this extra layer inhibits the uptake of antibiotics – protecting the bacteria cell wall cell membrane ...
... additional layer of membrane of lipopolysaccharide - this extra layer inhibits the uptake of antibiotics – protecting the bacteria cell wall cell membrane ...
Dynamic Localization of Rop GTPases to the
... contain a vacuolar network as suggested by the Rop immunofluorescence staining, we investigated the ultrastructure of these cells using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As shown in Figure 4, TEM analyses revealed a highly dynamic vacuolar system in young tapetal cells. Small vacuoles apparent ...
... contain a vacuolar network as suggested by the Rop immunofluorescence staining, we investigated the ultrastructure of these cells using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As shown in Figure 4, TEM analyses revealed a highly dynamic vacuolar system in young tapetal cells. Small vacuoles apparent ...
Humic matter elicits proton and calcium fluxes and signaling
... Auxin cell signaling elicited by HS was previously showed by Trevisan et al. [14] using the DR5::GUS construct in Arabidopsis, and evidence for their involvement in plasma membrane H+-ATPase activation has been recently reported [7,15]. This enzyme creates the electrochemical gradient of H+ that ene ...
... Auxin cell signaling elicited by HS was previously showed by Trevisan et al. [14] using the DR5::GUS construct in Arabidopsis, and evidence for their involvement in plasma membrane H+-ATPase activation has been recently reported [7,15]. This enzyme creates the electrochemical gradient of H+ that ene ...
Somatic Cytokinesis and Pollen Maturation in Arabidopsis
... of a ring of microtubules and actin filaments, encircles the nucleus at prophase, and determines the future division zone (Mineyuki and Gunning, 1990; Wick, 1991; Mineyuki, 1999). The PPB is removed before chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and therefore cannot contribute directly to the cell pl ...
... of a ring of microtubules and actin filaments, encircles the nucleus at prophase, and determines the future division zone (Mineyuki and Gunning, 1990; Wick, 1991; Mineyuki, 1999). The PPB is removed before chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and therefore cannot contribute directly to the cell pl ...
315-332
... polysaccharides, such as xyloglucan, mixed-linkage b-glucan or arabinoxylan, forming a cellulose–hemicellulose network (Carpita & Gibeaut, 1993; Mishima et al., 1998). The cellulose–hemicellulose network coexists with a second network that consists of the pectic polysaccharides homogalacturonan, rha ...
... polysaccharides, such as xyloglucan, mixed-linkage b-glucan or arabinoxylan, forming a cellulose–hemicellulose network (Carpita & Gibeaut, 1993; Mishima et al., 1998). The cellulose–hemicellulose network coexists with a second network that consists of the pectic polysaccharides homogalacturonan, rha ...
RiceRBP: a resource for experimentally identified RNA
... processing based on the presence of RNA binding domains such as the RRM and KH domain (Anantharaman et al., 2002). Interestingly, review of the literature revealed that a number of proteins identified from this study categorized as having established roles in polypeptide biosynthesis or carbon metabo ...
... processing based on the presence of RNA binding domains such as the RRM and KH domain (Anantharaman et al., 2002). Interestingly, review of the literature revealed that a number of proteins identified from this study categorized as having established roles in polypeptide biosynthesis or carbon metabo ...
Fatty acid
... Concept 5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules • Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers • The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water • Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which ...
... Concept 5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules • Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers • The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water • Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which ...