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Chapter 42.
Chapter 42.

... Form follows function  Capillaries lack 2 outer wall layers  very thin walls = only endothelium ...
Key concepts -- Lecture 5 IB 168: Spring 2006 Polypodiales
Key concepts -- Lecture 5 IB 168: Spring 2006 Polypodiales

... Worldwide in distribution; most diverse in tropics (where high humidity; equable climate year-round and through time). Ancient (date back to Paleozoic) but most modern fern diversity ("higher leptosporangiate ferns") arose much more recently, at same time that flowering plants diversified, in late M ...
Circulation and Blood
Circulation and Blood

...  Extremely narrow at 8-10m wide.  The wall of a capillary is only 1 cell thick. Only the endothelium is present with a basement membrane.  Form vast networks and therefore have enormous surface area.  Are found in all regions of the body. ...
RNA-seq: primary cells, cell lines and heat stress
RNA-seq: primary cells, cell lines and heat stress

Neurons & Nervous Systems
Neurons & Nervous Systems

... – connects sensory systems to CNS – connects CNS to effectors ...
4-1-05
4-1-05

... a system, osmoregulators must expend energy to maintain the osmotic gradients via active transport. – The energy costs depend mainly on how different an animal’s osmolarity is from its surroundings, how easily water and solutes can move across the animal’s surface, and how much membrane-transport wo ...
CONTRIBUTION OF STEM CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATED CELLS
CONTRIBUTION OF STEM CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATED CELLS

... cells (dark green) or stem cells (dark purple). Terminally differentiating cells that acquire such a mutation do not divide and are therefore represented as single cells (red). A transit amplifying cell has limited proliferative ability and therefore will only pass on the mutation to other transit a ...
History of Medical Biotechnology
History of Medical Biotechnology

...  “President Barack Obama signs executive order freeing up federal funding for broader research on embryonic stem cells.”  New genes related to Alzheimer’s disease are found. *Helps get closer to find therapies and diagnostics for it.  First clinical trial using embryonic stems cells is initiated. ...
Review Notes Biology 20
Review Notes Biology 20

... Types of Muscle Tissue:  Smooth Muscle: non-striated, one nucleus, contracts involuntarily, slow and long contracts, don’t fatigue easily, and found along the wall of internal organs.  Cardiac Muscle: striated, tubular and branched, one nucleus, contracts involuntarily, found in the walls of the h ...
Annelida
Annelida

... • Earthworms have many tiny blood vessels in their skins, which function as their respiratory organs • The blood has hemoglobin that carries oxegen. • In leeches, most gas exchange occurs through the body wall ...
4-4 Connective Tissue
4-4 Connective Tissue

... • Understand the fundamental characteristics, classifications, structure/functions and locations of the 4 basic types of tissue and membranes: ...
The Tell-Tale Heart (Now, Optically Mapped)
The Tell-Tale Heart (Now, Optically Mapped)

... Cellular coupling holds the key to this challenge. In conduction failure due to source–sink mismatch, propagation fails because cells close to the wave front fail to depolarize as the neighboring, well-coupled unexcited tissue downstream holds their membrane potential polarized. It is known that pro ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... Involved in the nuclear export of p53. ...
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell

... 7) If a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the nanometer level, as opposed to the best light microscope, this is due to which of the following? A) The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer. B) Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of hea ...
Inducibility and Expression of Microvascular
Inducibility and Expression of Microvascular

... ELAM-l (0.5% ± 0.5% of vessels) or VCAM-l (0.7% ± 0.7% of vessels) molecules, consistent with previous reports [15,21]. The percentage of CD36+ vessel cross-sections within the SVP ranged from 15% to 25%, which is identical to that seen in normal nonpsoriatic skin specimens [15]. CD36 molecule expre ...
Identifying the causal role of a new adipose tissue signalling
Identifying the causal role of a new adipose tissue signalling

... vascular redox state and its impact on redox sensitive transcriptional pathways. As in the clinical studies we have seen striking associations between this ligand’s release from perivascular adipose tissue and endothelial function, this project will explore the causality of these associations and wi ...
Gene Section PLA2G2A (phospholipase A2, group IIA (platelets, synovial fluid))
Gene Section PLA2G2A (phospholipase A2, group IIA (platelets, synovial fluid))

... release of arachidonic acid is of particular interest because it is the first and rate-limiting step in the generation of eicosanoids. Free arachidonic acid is metabolized by COXs and LOXs into various prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively, bioactive molecules that have a wide range of effec ...
Lesson (1) Cell theory
Lesson (1) Cell theory

... 3- It can magnify things up to 1500 times according to the magnification power of the eyepiece and objective lenses in it. They cannot magnify more than 1500 times because this make the photo unclear. The magnification power of light microscope = Magnification power of eyepiece x magnification power ...
Document
Document

... Flatworms live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats.  They also include many parasitic species, such as the flukes and tapeworms. ...
Myofibrillogenesus in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Myofibrillogenesus in Skeletal Muscle Cells

... line. Myogenic cell lines isolated from limb muscles of transgenic mice will grow at 33 C as mononucleated cells but when shifted to 39 C, the cells continue to grow, but also will fuse with one another to form myotubes that contain myofibrils that stain positively for neonatal muscle myosin II.16 ...
Blood brain barrier - Selam Higher Clinic
Blood brain barrier - Selam Higher Clinic

... or biochemical opening (RMP-7 Alkermes, vasoactive compounds – histamine). 3. Enhance transcytosis across the endothelial cells – (transcytosis) to the underlying brain cells can be achieved by increasing endocytosis (i.e. internalisation of small extracellular molecules) by using liposomes or nanop ...
cell membranes
cell membranes

... • Some proteins function as receptors for chemical messages from other cells – The binding of a messenger to a receptor may trigger signal transduction Messenger molecule Receptor ...
Antigen recognition by T Lymphocytes
Antigen recognition by T Lymphocytes

... Peptide loading on MHC • MHC Class I: intracellular antigens, e.g. viral proteins produced in virus-infected cells; peptide degradation in cytosol by proteasome, then transport to ER • MHC Class II: extracellular antigens, e.g. pathogen engulfed by phagocytes; degradation in phagosome and lysosome ...
Organ systems I sort of
Organ systems I sort of

... Animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes as ammonia need access to lots of water. • This is because ammonia is very soluble but can only be tolerated at very low concentrations. • Therefore, ammonia excretion is most common in aquatic species. • Many invertebrates release ammonia across the whole bo ...
3 Unit 1
3 Unit 1

... • Can transport up a concentration gradient • Critical for moving important ions • Major active transport in most cells = ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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