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Auxin and the Communication Between Plant Cells
Auxin and the Communication Between Plant Cells

... As consequence of their light dependency, plants increase their surface in an outward direction, which means that they have to cope with a considerable degree of mechanic load. As long as they were aquatic, this was no special challenge, because mechanical strains were counterbalanced by buoyancy, a ...
The skull is more than head and face
The skull is more than head and face

... - The Skull is more than Head and Face 1. The Complexity of Growth Patterns Unfolded 2. The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) 3. The Pattern of Descensus ...
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so

... Focal complexes are 0.5-1 µm dot-like contacts localized along the lamellipodia. These structures are not connected to stress fibers although they have been shown to be linked to the actin network. Moreover, they do not contain Zyxin suggesting that they are subjected to moderate mechanical tensions ...
Mitotic Block Induced in HeLa Cells by Low Concentrations of
Mitotic Block Induced in HeLa Cells by Low Concentrations of

... Experimental Strategy. We wanted to determine whether the all cells were in late prometaphase or metaphase, whereas 0.3% of cells were in anaphase;thus, the ratio of cells in anaphaseto cells in mitotic block induced in HeLa cells by low concentrations of pacli taxel was sufficient to induce cell de ...
Bronchial Epithelial Cell-Derived Prostaglandin E2 Dampens the
Bronchial Epithelial Cell-Derived Prostaglandin E2 Dampens the

FROG DISSECTION Objectives
FROG DISSECTION Objectives

... BLADDER, AND CLOACA   The kidneys are organs that filter wastes from the blood and  excrete urine. Connected to each kidney is a ureter, a tube through which urine passes into the  urinary bladder.  The urinary bladder is a sac that stores urine until it passes out of the body  through the cloaca.   ...
Nutation in Plants
Nutation in Plants

... which would ‘be modified for the good of the plant’ to accomplish tropistic or other growth responses. The Darwinian internal oscillator model is more a concept than a model, connected with the biological clock mechanism (Thain et al. 2002). Operationally, this means that the driving and regulating a ...
Biofuel cells and their development - ePrints Soton
Biofuel cells and their development - ePrints Soton

... 1.3.4. Method of electron transfer between reaction site and electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bioelectrochemical cells involving a whole organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Mollusks and Annelids - Vernon Hills High School
Mollusks and Annelids - Vernon Hills High School

... • Molluscs use true gills, with extensive capillary network and countercurrent flow for gas exchange. • A Mollusk has tubes called siphons that bring water in and out of their bodies so that they can get oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. They have gills that help with this. ...
4-4 Connective Tissue
4-4 Connective Tissue

... leuko-, white), help defend the body from infection and disease. ...
Expedited Publication Marks the Smooth Muscle Lineage
Expedited Publication Marks the Smooth Muscle Lineage

... identified several transcription factors that play a crucial role in the formation of these cell types.12 Comparable factors have yet to be uncovered in smooth muscle cells (SMCs), whose developmental molecular biology is poorly understood. The inability thus far to clone SMC-specific transcription ...
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells in the Spotlight: The Satellite Cell
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells in the Spotlight: The Satellite Cell

... tissue using collagenase–dispase, which is an enzyme mixture that preserves cell surface antigens (whereas Pronase or trypsin digestion methods may not necessarily preserve such cell surface antigens). Studies from various laboratories (performed mainly with mouse tissue) have established that satel ...
Plant Vacuoles
Plant Vacuoles

... 1996; Müntz, 1998; see Herman and Larkins, 1999, in this issue). The membrane of the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) contains the seed-specific aquaporin a-TIP (Höfte et al., 1992; Paris et al., 1996; Swanson et al., 1998; see below). Storage proteins are also synthesized and accumulated in speciali ...
Two distinct classes of prestalk
Two distinct classes of prestalk

... which showed differential hybridization were isolated. Cross-hybridization with purified inserts from each of the nine cDNA clones and mapping with restriction enzymes showed them to derive from three different mRNA sequences. The longest cDNA clones derived from each of the three mRNA sequences wer ...
Cytotoxicity and inhibition of platelet aggregation
Cytotoxicity and inhibition of platelet aggregation

... by hemostatic failure. The LD50 by ventricular, intraperitoneal and intravenous routes were 5.7, 85.6 and 18.3 μg, respectively, per 20 g mouse [14]. The venom contains hemorrhagic and anticoagulant activities associated with active toxins such as P-I and P-III metalloproteinases [15–17] and procoag ...
The Cell Membrane
The Cell Membrane

... Cells respond directly to their environment and help maintain homeostasis at the cellular level. They can also change their internal structure and physiological functions over time. ...
Plant Vacuoles
Plant Vacuoles

... 1996; Müntz, 1998; see Herman and Larkins, 1999, in this issue). The membrane of the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) contains the seed-specific aquaporin a-TIP (Höfte et al., 1992; Paris et al., 1996; Swanson et al., 1998; see below). Storage proteins are also synthesized and accumulated in speciali ...
Development, validation and applications of the monocyte activation
Development, validation and applications of the monocyte activation

... since they can cause severe reactions such as fever, organ failure, and shock in the recipient. So far these drugs have been tested by injecting them intravenously into rabbits and measuring their fever reaction or, alternatively, by the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) test, employing the coagulatio ...
Post CMOS Devices
Post CMOS Devices

... Single electron transistor(SET) •Electron movements are controlled with single electron precision •Coulomb blockade effect ...
SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science
SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science

... elegantly simple physical barriers, is employed by cells in a number of ways to facilitate the separation of chemical reactions into various compartments. For the creation, maintenance and dynamics of the shape of membrane-enclosed structures, an intricate interplay between proteins and constituent ...
6 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
6 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

... The molecules of any substance, be it solid, liquid, or gas, are in a continuous state of movement or vibration, and the warmer a substance is, the faster its molecules move. The average speed of this “thermal motion” also depends upon the mass of the molecule. At body temperature, a molecule of wat ...
Ion-channel blocker sensitivity of voltage-gated
Ion-channel blocker sensitivity of voltage-gated

... homologue of mammalian VGCCs, we employed a pharmacological approach using channel blockers typical of L-, P/Q-, N-, R- or T-types of VGCCs. Since the yeast cell wall is known to provide a barrier that inhibits reagents accessing the plasma membrane (Schindler & Davies, 1975; Gorenstein et al., 1978 ...
Biology Exemplar Problem Errata XI
Biology Exemplar Problem Errata XI

... 7. Which one of the following pairs is incorrect? a. Hinge joint : between humerus and pectoral girdle b. Pivot joint : between atlas and axis c. Gliding joint : between the carpals d. Saddle joint : between carpals metacarpals of thumb ...
MAUREEN CAROLINE McCANN Nationality
MAUREEN CAROLINE McCANN Nationality

... However, without its cell wall, the naked protoplast is spherical and is not capable of dividing, growing, or becoming specialized for function. Molecules of the cell wall provide mechanical strength, regulate porosity, and control cell-cell adhesion. The functions of the wall are not only mechanica ...
What Is a Flatworm?
What Is a Flatworm?

... • Most live in marine or fresh water • Most species are bottom dwellers, living in the sand or mud under stones and shells • The most familiar flatworms of this group are the planarians, the “cross-eyed” freshwater worms • Turbellarians can vary greatly in color, form, and ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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