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to the marking scheme for all papers
to the marking scheme for all papers

... conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocopied scripts forming the basis of discussion. The aim of the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were interpreted and applied in the same w ...
A REVIEW ON INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK  Review Article MURUGESH SHIVASHANKAR*
A REVIEW ON INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK Review Article MURUGESH SHIVASHANKAR*

... Natural polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides though very useful exhibit a limitation in their reactivity and process ability. These shortcomings were overcome by chemical and physical alteration of natural polymers. Among various investigations, the interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) ...
Keratin Alterations during Embryonic Epidermal Differentiation: A
Keratin Alterations during Embryonic Epidermal Differentiation: A

... which were allowed to attach to the surface of the tissue culture dish . In the case of 29-d embryos, keratinocyte colonies developed from trypsinized cell suspensions of embryonic skin . Cultures of fibroblasts were obtained by plating trypsin-disaggregated cell suspensions of embryonic skin from e ...
Kompleks Siyanotik Kalp Hastal›klar›nda Blalock Taussig Shunt
Kompleks Siyanotik Kalp Hastal›klar›nda Blalock Taussig Shunt

... Palliative shunts are still in widespread use in congenital heart surgery for cyanotic patients. Modified and classical Blalock Taussig (BT) shunt procedures are the most frequently applied ones. In today’s cardiovascular surgical era, technique of palliative shunt procedures especially for neonatal ...
Roles of CDK and DDK in Genome Duplication and
Roles of CDK and DDK in Genome Duplication and

... for this model. First, there is a clear redundancy in cyclin function. For instance, in budding yeast mutants lacking the S phase cyclins Clb5 and Clb6, the Clb1–4 mitotic cyclins allow DNA replication that is delayed but nevertheless involves both early and late firing replication origins [30]. In ...
Cell-cell communication mediated by the CAR subgroup of
Cell-cell communication mediated by the CAR subgroup of

... In crystals the full extracellular region of CAR forms U-shaped homodimers through the binding of their N-terminally located Ig domains which is reminiscent to JAM-A homodimers (Kostrewa et al., 2001; Patzke et al., 2010; Prota et al., 2003; Verdino et al., 2010). D1 and D2 associate in a head-to-ta ...
Xenopus laevis Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1
Xenopus laevis Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1

... and characterized a cDNA encoding SDF-1 of the lower vertebrate Xenopus laevis (xSDF-1). Recombinant xSDF-1 was produced in insect cells, purified, and functionally characterized. Although xSDF-1 is only 64 – 66% identical with its mammalian counterparts, it is indistinguishable from human (h)SDF-1␣ ...
Endothelial cell response to different mechanical forces
Endothelial cell response to different mechanical forces

... cytosolic face of the membrane as early as the first second after applying flow. These accumulating data suggest the possibility that mechanoreceptors existing on the luminal surface of the cell membrane or the membrane itself are capable of being activated by shear stress. This activation might cau ...
Instructions for Use
Instructions for Use

Body in Balance - Science4Inquiry.com
Body in Balance - Science4Inquiry.com

... screen” so that the web page advertisements located on the right-hand side and underneath the video will not be seen. In addition, please be on the lookout for “pop up” ads while the video is playing 2. Teacher will ask students to THINK about the following question: a. What is one word you would us ...
Title Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis surface topographical
Title Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis surface topographical

... root mean squared roughness. However, quantifying membrane topography in the presence of surface topographical heterogeneities (redefined as surface defects throughout this study) can be challenging [21], since these are usually in the order of several micrometres in width and depth. As such, defect ...
Evidence for the presence of calsequestrin in two structurally
Evidence for the presence of calsequestrin in two structurally

... the peripheral junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and the corbular sarcoplasmic reticulum . The peripheral junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum has granular material in its lumen and is closely apposed to the sarcolemma to which it is connected by junctional processes called "feet" (28). Corbular sarcop ...
Isolation and Characterization of Piscine Osteonectin and
Isolation and Characterization of Piscine Osteonectin and

... implicated in mineralization of bone and cartilage,(13) and high concentrations of calcium ions increase expression of OSN and other markers of terminal differentiation, followed by an increased production of mineral matrix. An OSN-deficient mouse strain has recently been described, which has progre ...
Advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery
Advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery

... Within the oral mucosa, the main penetration barrier exists in the outermost quarter to one third of the epithelium [23, 24]. The relative impermeability of the oral mucosa is predominantly due to intercellular materials derived from the so-called membrane coating granules Q (MCGs) [2]. MCGs are sp ...
Imaging endothelial activation
Imaging endothelial activation

... relaxation rate over a length scale much larger than their size. Hence they are called T2 contrast agents. They are also referred to as “negative” contrast agents since they ...
Endodermal origin of yolk-sac-derived teratomas
Endodermal origin of yolk-sac-derived teratomas

... the embryos and the corresponding teratomas. However, the observations made on cryostat sections of isolated 11-day-old embryos were not always of sufficient quality to give reliable results. Moreover, in spite of the stability of the G6PD activity described during embryogenesis and in adult life (L ...
Foci of Trinucleotide  Repeat Transcripts in Nuclei
Foci of Trinucleotide Repeat Transcripts in Nuclei

... 1992). The severity of the disease, which can increase during transmission from one generation to the next is roughly proportional to the extent of expansion of (CTG)n repeat sequences (Harley et al., 1992; Tsilifidis et al., 1992; Caskey et al., 1992; Richards and Sutherland, 1992; Howeler et al., ...
Formation of Fe(III)-minerals by Fe(II)
Formation of Fe(III)-minerals by Fe(II)

... every case, dissolved Fe(II) is used as the substrate for oxidation, and there is no evidence for active dissolution of poorly soluble Fe(II)-minerals by biogenic organic ligands. Poorly crystalline Fe(III) (hydr)oxide mineral phases are initially precipitated, and as they age, rapidly convert to th ...
Thesis - KI Open Archive
Thesis - KI Open Archive

... host cells. The results demonstrate that S. pyogenes ability to persist within macrophages is enabled through distinctly regulated mechanisms involving both host and bacterial factors. S. pyogenes used to be considered as an extracellular pathogen, however, it is becoming increasingly apparent that ...
Topological schemas of cognitive maps and spatial learning in the
Topological schemas of cognitive maps and spatial learning in the

... information captured by the readout neurons in the hippocampal cell assemblies. Since correlating neuronal spiking with geometrical properties of the representing space sometimes produces useful interpretations of electrophysiological data, most authors assume that the spiking patterns of place cell ...
How to define flow cytometry ? Méthodes d’étude de la cellule
How to define flow cytometry ? Méthodes d’étude de la cellule

... Service Imagerie Cellulaire et Cytométrie en Flux ...
Aerobic Fermentation and the Depletion of the Amino Acid Pool in
Aerobic Fermentation and the Depletion of the Amino Acid Pool in

... incubation for 24 hours, the cells were washed four times with distilled water and suspended in distilled water at a concentration of 2.1 X 108 cells per ml. These were the conditions employed for the experiments on which the present work is based (1). For the pool and leakage experiments, 10 ml of ...
Amassin, an olfactomedin protein, mediates the massive
Amassin, an olfactomedin protein, mediates the massive

... The clotting of coelomocytes The clotting of coelomocytes can be demonstrated by pouring coelomic fluid into a beaker, swirling it gently, and observing with the unaided eye. Clot formation is visible within 50 s and is complete by 150 s (Fig. 1). Clots settle onto the substratum; the cells spread o ...
The Function of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
The Function of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

... the theory of myocardial ischemia, which however was not fully accepted until over a century later (Proudfit, 1983). During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the condition was rare, and it only became more significant during the early twentieth century, probably due to evolving changes in lif ...
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle

... are joined to one another in a linear array. The boundary between two cells abutting each other is ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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