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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

... with commonly used basic aniline dyes , such as these used in the Gram stain . 4. These organisms resist decolorization by acidified alcohol (3% hydrochloric acid ) after prolonged application of a basic fuchsin dye or with heating of this dye following its application . 5. This important property o ...
pH and Cancer: Acidic pH Levels Can Lead To Cancer
pH and Cancer: Acidic pH Levels Can Lead To Cancer

... is too acidic, toxins will not be released from your cells into the blood. So your cells can't be detoxified. This buildup of toxins in your cells results in acidic, poorly oxygenated cells, which can turn cancerous. He explains, "In general, degenerative diseases are the result of acid waste buildu ...
Chapter 6 The Cell
Chapter 6 The Cell

... Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions • The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic • Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells ...
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

... Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions • The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic • Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells ...
The Cell
The Cell

... Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions • The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic • Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells • Protis ...
The human RNA-binding protein RBFA promotes the maturation of
The human RNA-binding protein RBFA promotes the maturation of

... Assembly and maturation of a fully functional ribosome is a demanding but fundamental feature of cellular metabolism. Budding yeast, for example, can produce 2000 ribosomes per minute (1), reflecting the demands of protein synthesis. Across almost all characterized species, the ribosome is composed ...
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

... Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions • The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic • Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells • Protis ...
PDGF signalling controls the migration of mesoderm cells during
PDGF signalling controls the migration of mesoderm cells during

... reached HH2-3 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951), then early chick (EC) cultures prepared (Chapman et al., 2001) followed by electroporation-based transfection as described (Leslie et al., 2007). Imaging of cell movement during early gastrulation was performed as described (Yang et al., 2002). Brightfie ...
Analysis of Microarray Data to Confirm Novel Subtype of Breast
Analysis of Microarray Data to Confirm Novel Subtype of Breast

... Claudin family members segregated among this group of low expressing genes. Claudin proteins form intercellular tight junctions between cells, which control the paracellular flow of molecules. Intracellularly, tight junctions are the docking site for signaling molecules, such as growth factor recept ...
The Euglena
The Euglena

... The Euglena Euglena are unicellular organisms classified into the Kingdom Protist, and the Phylum Euglenophyta. All euglena have chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis. They are not completely autotrophic though, euglena can also absorb food from their environment; euglenas usual ...
Microbial Cell Surfaces and Secretion Systems
Microbial Cell Surfaces and Secretion Systems

... These structures are built of subunits called pilins (Van Gerven et al. 2011). An abundant major pilin forms the filament, which usually exposes several minor pilins. Many pili/fimbriae have a role in adhesion, where one of the minor pilins functions as the adhesin that binds, for example, a eukaryo ...
Self-Replication Mechanism by Means of Self
Self-Replication Mechanism by Means of Self

... concepts is to let the reconfigurable part of the chip selforganize, and to potentially support fault-tolerance mechanisms. The developmental features of a cellular organism basically require two processes: growth and differentiation, which interact during the organism construction. We give here the ...
UVA radiation causes DNA strand breaks, chromosomal
UVA radiation causes DNA strand breaks, chromosomal

... UVA-induced tumorigenic conversion of the HaCaT cells In a first exploratory experiment we irradiated HaCaT cells with a steadily increasing dose (from 7 J/cm2 during the first week up to 42 J/cm2 during the last week) of UVA radiation over a period of 42 days. This treatment caused cell death of almo ...
Zbtb46 expression distinguishes classical dendritic cells and their
Zbtb46 expression distinguishes classical dendritic cells and their

... yet fully mature. Terminal cDC development occurs in peripheral lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs after Flt3L (fmslike tyrosine kinase 3 ligand)-dependent expansion (Waskow et al., 2008). We previously suggested that accurately defining the cDC lineage might benefit from methods based on lineage-speci ...
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

... There are two types of ER—rough and smooth. The portion of the ER involved in protein synthesis is called rough endoplasmic reticulum, or rough ER. Ribosomes are found on the surface of rough ER. Rough ER is abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export. ...
Differing Infection Patterns of Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses in a
Differing Infection Patterns of Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses in a

... which may correspond to apoptotic hepatocytes [7], are observed in both infections [2]. It is not known whether the differences in the extent of pathologic changes induced by these two viruses in the liver are due to different cytopathic events in the hepatocytes. In YF virus infection, damage to he ...
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

... There are two types of ER—rough and smooth. The portion of the ER involved in protein synthesis is called rough endoplasmic reticulum, or rough ER. Ribosomes are found on the surface of rough ER. Rough ER is abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export. ...
Mesp1 A Key Regulator of Cardiovascular Lineage Commitment
Mesp1 A Key Regulator of Cardiovascular Lineage Commitment

... interventricular septum and some cells of the cardiac outflow tract cushions are not marked by ␤-gal, suggesting that these cells derived from non–Mesp1-expressing cells and may represent neural crest derivatives.14 Alternatively, Mesp1 might have been expressed only too transiently or at low levels ...
Mouse mammary tumor virus-based vector transduces non
Mouse mammary tumor virus-based vector transduces non

... infects dendritic cells (DC) in the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to T and B lymphocytes and finally to the mammary gland. It is not clear how the prototypic betaretrovirus infects mucosal DCs and naïve lymphocytes as these cells are considered to be non-proliferative. Studies of MMTV biol ...
Section 2
Section 2

... There are two types of ER—rough and smooth. The portion of the ER involved in protein synthesis is called rough endoplasmic reticulum, or rough ER. Ribosomes are found on the surface of rough ER. Rough ER is abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export. ...
IDEXX Urine Sediment Guide
IDEXX Urine Sediment Guide

... How to perform a dry prep/line smear Performing a dry prep or line smear is an extremely cost-effective means of confirming the presence or absence of bacteria, of differentiating between cocci and short rods, and for characterizing various cellular elements in the urine sample. ...
Measuring forces and stresses in situ in living tissues
Measuring forces and stresses in situ in living tissues

... We discuss methods that (ordered from the more direct to the less invasive) are based on contact manipulation, manipulation using light, visual sensors, and non-mechanical observation techniques. For each method, we explain the principle on which it relies, list the quantities it measures and over w ...
Human CHMP6, a myristoylated ESCRT-III protein, interacts directly
Human CHMP6, a myristoylated ESCRT-III protein, interacts directly

... ESCRT components have been shown to be involved in the process of outward budding of virus particles from the plasma membrane [13–15]. Moreover, Alix [ALG-2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2)-interacting protein X]/AIP1 (ALG-2-interacting protein 1; a mammalian orthologue of yeast Class E Vps31/Bro1) interac ...
to Light and Abscisic Acid
to Light and Abscisic Acid

... deficit. Such regulation is initiated by sensing environmental and interna1 stimuli such as light, humidity, CO,, and the plant-stress hormone ABA, and is accomplished by osmotic volume changes of the cells. Previous studies have implicated heterotrimeric G-proteins, the H+ pump, and the movement of ...
technicolour transgenics: imaging tools for functional
technicolour transgenics: imaging tools for functional

... spectral separation in live tissues. Third, in vitro culture systems have been developed that allow the normal growth of mammalian embryos and explanted tissues, which is a requirement for vital-imaging experiments. These developments allow direct connections to be made between genetic lesions and t ...
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Amitosis

Amitosis (a- + mitosis) is absence of mitosis, the usual form of cell division in the cells of eukaryotes. There are several senses in which eukaryotic cells can be amitotic. One refers to capability for non-mitotic division and the other refers to lack of capability for division. In one sense of the word, which is now mostly obsolete, amitosis is cell division in eukaryotic cells that happens without the usual features of mitosis as seen on microscopy, namely, without nuclear envelope breakdown and without formation of mitotic spindle and condensed chromosomes as far as microscopy can detect. However, most examples of cell division formerly thought to belong to this supposedly ""non-mitotic"" class, such as the division of unicellular eukaryotes, are today recognized as belonging to a class of mitosis called closed mitosis. A spectrum of mitotic activity can be categorized as open, semi-closed, and closed mitosis, depending on the fate of the nuclear envelope. An exception is the division of ciliate macronucleus, which is not mitotic, and the reference to this process as amitosis may be the only legitimate use of the ""non-mitotic division"" sense of the term today. In animals and plants which normally have open mitosis, the microscopic picture described in the 19th century as amitosis most likely corresponded to apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death associated with fragmentation of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Relatedly, even in the late 19th century cytologists mentioned that in larger life forms, amitosis is a ""forerunner of degeneration"".Another sense of amitotic refers to cells of certain tissues that are usually no longer capable of mitosis once the organism has matured into adulthood. In humans this is true of various muscle and nerve tissue types; if the existing ones are damaged, they cannot be replaced with new ones of equal capability. For example, cardiac muscle destroyed by heart attack and nerves destroyed by piercing trauma usually cannot regenerate. In contrast, skin cells are capable of mitosis throughout adulthood; old skin cells that die and slough off are replaced with new ones. Human liver tissue also has a sort of dormant regenerative ability; it is usually not needed or expressed but can be elicited if needed.
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