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Solution
Solution

... can also be studied in the frequency domain. Neglecting the effect of the filter in the data path, determine the transfer function from xBB(t) to Φout. Beginning from the output, we write the feedback signal arriving at the PFD as Φout/N, subtract it from 0 (the input phase), and multiply the result ...
PAM3131 Description Pin Assignments
PAM3131 Description Pin Assignments

... 4.7µF minimum value capacitor from VO to GND is also required. To improve transient response, noise rejection, and ripple rejection, an additional 1 0μF or larger, low ESR capacitor is recommended at the output. A higher-value, low ESR output capacitor may be necessary if large, fast-rise-time load ...
IF 1664 Revision 2
IF 1664 Revision 2

... Ensure that the safety chain is securely fastened between the yoke bracket and back cover. ...
Interfacing to MM74HC High-Speed CMOS Logic Interfacing to
Interfacing to MM74HC High-Speed CMOS Logic Interfacing to

... the output pulls up, the resistor pulls the voltage very close to VCC. The value of the resistor should be chosen based on the LSTTL and CMOS fanout of the LS gate. Figure 2 shows the range of pull-up resistors values versus LS fanout that can be used. For example, if an LSTTL device is driving only ...
A Progressive Way to Integrate Current Measurement into Modern Abstract
A Progressive Way to Integrate Current Measurement into Modern Abstract

... separation. However, any equipment that connects the shunt to a microcontroller needs to be designed in a way that it separates control and power electronics. One common way to do so is to have the voltage across the shunt digitized using an A/D-converter that has its supply voltage referenced to th ...
MODEL 148A 20 MHz AM/FM/PM GENERATOR
MODEL 148A 20 MHz AM/FM/PM GENERATOR

... been grouped in seven basic modes, from which many variations and combinations are possible. The following paragraphs give basic switch positions for each mode and requirements and suggestions for operation. The basic modes of operation are: ...
Advant OCS with Master software S800 I/O Product Guide
Advant OCS with Master software S800 I/O Product Guide

... S800 I/O provides distributed I/O to Advant Controller 110, Advant Controller 410 and Advant Controller 450 via the communication link Advant Fieldbus 100 (AF 100). S800 I/O is also used as a directly connected I/O to the Advant Controller 70 and as a communication link to some of ABB’s drives. Appl ...
NB6L11M - 2.5V / 3.3V 1:2 Differential CML Fanout Buffer
NB6L11M - 2.5V / 3.3V 1:2 Differential CML Fanout Buffer

... differential inputs incorporate internal 50 W termination resistors that are accessed through the VT pins and will accept LVPECL, LVCMOS, LVTTL, CML, or LVDS logic levels. The VREFAC pin is an internally generated voltage supply available to this device only. VREFAC is used as a reference voltage fo ...
NX5P3001 1. General description Bidirectional high-side power switch for charger and
NX5P3001 1. General description Bidirectional high-side power switch for charger and

... translation (EN) and low capacitance Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) type ESD-clamps for USB data and ID pins. When EN is set HIGH the device enters a low-power mode, disabling all protection circuits. When used in combined charger and USB-OTG applications the 30 V tolerant VBUSI switch terminal ...
MBI5037
MBI5037

... MBI5037 is an enhanced 16-channel constant current LED sink driver with advanced error detection functions and smart power-saving modes. MBI5037 succeeds MBI5026 and also exploits PrecisionDrive™ technology to enhance its output characteristics. Furthermore, MBI5037 uses the concept of Share-I-O™ te ...
Noise-Canceling LNAs
Noise-Canceling LNAs

... addition to injecting noise to the output, then the noise figure may be lower. Neglecting channel-length modulation, calculate the noise figure. (Current source I1 defines the bias current and C1 establishes an ac ground at the source of M2). For small-signal operation, M1 and M2 appear in parallel, ...
MAX9152 800Mbps LVDS/LVPECL-to-LVDS 2 x 2 Crosspoint Switch General Description
MAX9152 800Mbps LVDS/LVPECL-to-LVDS 2 x 2 Crosspoint Switch General Description

... intended for point-to-point communication over a controlled impedance medium as defined by the ANSI TIA/EIA-644 and IEEE 1596.3 standards. LVDS uses a lower voltage swing than other common communication standards, achieving higher data rates with reduced power consumption while reducing EMI emission ...
A Closer Look at LVDS Technology
A Closer Look at LVDS Technology

DAC8164/65 Evaluation Module
DAC8164/65 Evaluation Module

... This EVM features the DAC8164 or the DAC8165 digital-to-analog converters (DAC). The DAC8164/65EVM is a simple evaluation module designed as a quick and easy way to evaluate the functionality and performance of the 14-bit, high-resolution, quad-channel, and serial input DAC with a built-in 2.5-V int ...
MAX9814 - Part Number Search
MAX9814 - Part Number Search

New Method for Comparison of Chopped Waveforms in Impulse
New Method for Comparison of Chopped Waveforms in Impulse

... effective arc generation. In addition, the time dispersion increases [5]. To avoid these problems, a multiple chopping device was proposed [6]. It has several sphere gaps, connected in series, to reduce the voltage and the gap distance between each pair of spheres. The dispersion is relatively low, ...
Electronic and Electrical Servicing
Electronic and Electrical Servicing

... 2.55  102) and this is often useful in calculations because it avoids the need to work with numbers that contain a large set of zeros. ...
Demystifying the Operational Transconductance Amplifier
Demystifying the Operational Transconductance Amplifier

... Figure 8. DC-Restore Circuit Example with the OPA615 In this example, the CHOLD capacitor is being charged by the sampling OTA (SOTA), triggered at the exact point of interest. The OTA provides a means to amplify the signal. Note that because of the very high input impedance of the OTA, a small CHOL ...
Example Temperature Measurement Applications Using the
Example Temperature Measurement Applications Using the

... Whenever measurement of various industrial sensors are required, accuracy of measurement can be significantly improved by characterizing the sensor performance over the range of temperatures in which it is expected to operate. This principle requires an accurate sensor temperature measurement. This ...
LIGHTNING SURGE PROTECTOR FOR THREE
LIGHTNING SURGE PROTECTOR FOR THREE

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPARATOR FOR SIGMA-DELTA MODULATOR Noor Aizad
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPARATOR FOR SIGMA-DELTA MODULATOR Noor Aizad

... Comparator is the main building block in an ADC architecture. Main purpose of the comparator is to compare a signal with a reference signal and produce an output depending on whether the input signal is greater or smaller than reference. Many architectures for comparators exist for various purposes. ...
RV GS Series Inverter/Charger
RV GS Series Inverter/Charger

... otherwise may result in a risk of fire, electric shock, or injury to persons. 4. To avoid a risk of fire and electric shock, make sure that existing wiring is in good condition and that wire is not undersized. Do not operate the RV Series Inverter/Charger with damaged or substandard wiring. 5. Do no ...
Penn Foster`s Michigan Electrical Apprenticeship program
Penn Foster`s Michigan Electrical Apprenticeship program

... A thorough knowledge of safe practices is an important part of working in any industrial setting. Every industrial worker should be familiar with accident prevention techniques, fire safety mehods, and the use of personal protective equipment. Injuries in the workplace cost many millions of dollars ...
General Calculations Excerpt from PRYSMIAN`S
General Calculations Excerpt from PRYSMIAN`S

... one hour. Also, they may be used when additional insulation strength over the 100 percent level category is desirable. 173 Percent Level - Cables in this category should be applied on systems where the time required to de-energize a grounded section is indefinite. Their use is recommended also for r ...
DSS60601MZ4 Features Mechanical Data
DSS60601MZ4 Features Mechanical Data

... indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized application. Products described herein may be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign patents pending. Product names and markings noted herein may also be covered by one or more U ...
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Variable-frequency drive



A variable-frequency drive (VFD) (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to the largest of mine mill drives and compressors. However, around 25% of the world's electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications, which are especially conducive for energy savings using VFDs in centrifugal load service, and VFDs' global market penetration for all applications is still relatively small. That lack of penetration highlights significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities for retrofitted and new VFD installations.Over the last four decades, power electronics technology has reduced VFD cost and size and has improved performance through advances in semiconductor switching devices, drive topologies, simulation and control techniques, and control hardware and software.VFDs are available in a number of different low- and medium-voltage AC-AC and DC-AC topologies.
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