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Lecture 2
Lecture 2

... This is a common and useful operation. Haskell x = x+1 Assert that x and x+1 are the same value. This equation has no solution. It is a syntactically-valid statement, but it is not solvable. There is no solution for x. So this equation cannot be true! ...
CS-Intro-AI-LISP - Geometric and Intelligent Computing Laboratory
CS-Intro-AI-LISP - Geometric and Intelligent Computing Laboratory

... (I WILL PLAY GOD AND CHANGE THAT!) ...
Drexel-CS-Intro-AI-LISP
Drexel-CS-Intro-AI-LISP

... • LISP automatically makes sure that all refs to some symbol actually point to the UNIQUE point in mem that the symbol happens to be stored physically. This way, any info stored w/ it (e.g., its value) is accessible from every ref. • Anytime LISP sees new symbol, it adds the symbol to its storehouse ...
3. High-Level Functional Programming
3. High-Level Functional Programming

... might be bound to different values. This occurs, for example, in the case of the multiply function: multiply(3, 4) gives the same value as multiply(4, 3). Functions that prohibit f(x) from being the same as f(y) when x and y are bound to different values are called oneto-one functions. Functions suc ...
Chapter 12 - Binus Repository
Chapter 12 - Binus Repository

19. Introduction to evaluation order
19. Introduction to evaluation order

Lambda the Ultimate - Rice University Campus Wiki
Lambda the Ultimate - Rice University Campus Wiki

... that the rule uses safe substitution, where safe substitution renames local variables in the code body that is being modified by the substitution to avoid capturing free variables in the argument expression that is being ...
- Free Documents
- Free Documents

an approach to declarative programming based on a rewriting
an approach to declarative programming based on a rewriting

... functional and logic programming, has grown over the last decade; see [23] for a recent survey. The operational semantics of many functional logic languages is based on so-called narrowing, which combines the basic execution mechanisms of functional and logic languages, namely rewriting and uni cati ...
Python for Joe Cross
Python for Joe Cross

... for _ in xrange(n): velocities = [rndV() for i in xrange(6)] r,g,b = [rndC() for i in xrange(3)] mainParticle = velocities[:3] + [r,g,b] secondParticle = velocities[3:] + [r,g,b] ...
Type Class
Type Class

... • Referential transparency – symbol always represents the same value – Equational reasoning (equals can be substituted by equals) • easy mathematical manipulation, parallel execution, etc. ...
Logic Programming
Logic Programming

Exact Bayesian Inference by Symbolic Disintegration
Exact Bayesian Inference by Symbolic Disintegration

Lisp a functional programming language
Lisp a functional programming language

A/x - LAMP | EPFL
A/x - LAMP | EPFL

... action, the function’s stack frame can be re-used. This is called “tail recursion”.  ⇒ Tail-recursive functions are iterative processes.  More generally, if the last action of a function is a call to another (possible the same) function, only a single stack frame is needed for both functions. Such ...
Lambda
Lambda

- Starter tutorials
- Starter tutorials

... • LET is a function used to create a local scope in which names are temporarily bound to the values of expressions. • LET is often used to factor out common sub-expressions from more complicated expressions. • LET is a shorthand for a LAMBDA expression applied to a parameter. Ex: ...
Appendix B
Appendix B

... nonlocal references are resolved at the point of function definition. Static scoping is implemented by associating a closure (instruction pointer and environment pointer) with each function as it is defined. The run-time execution stack maintains static links for nonlocal references. Top-level defin ...
Functional Programming
Functional Programming

Why Functional Programming Matters
Why Functional Programming Matters

... notation follows Turner’s language Miranda(TM) [Tur85], but should be readable with no prior knowledge of functional languages. (Miranda is a trademark of Research Software Ltd.) The special characteristics and advantages of functional programming are often summed up more or less as follows. Functi ...
Chapter 11 - Functional Programming, Part II: ML, Delayed
Chapter 11 - Functional Programming, Part II: ML, Delayed

... execution of a call. It is surprising how often we need a different rule: (define (my-if a b c) (if a b c)) This definition can't work because both b and c are evaluated before the call. Scheme has manual facilities for delaying evaluation of parameters: (define (my-if a b c) (if a (force b) (force ...
Week 1
Week 1

... – Haskell, The Craft of Functional Programming, 3rd edition, S. ...
Week 1
Week 1

... – Haskell, The Craft of Functional Programming, 3rd edition, S. ...
lec4
lec4

... E1, E2,...,En - E1 should evaluate to a function and then apply the function value of E1 to the arguments given by the values of E2,...,En. In the base case, there are self evaluating expressions (e.g. numbers and symbols). In addition, various special forms such as quote and if must be handled sep ...
recursive functions
recursive functions

... A variable v is called bound in an expression E if there is some use of v in E that is bound by a decleration λv of v in E . A variable v is called f ree in an expression E if there is some use of v in E that is not bound by any decleration λv of v in E . Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions ...
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Closure (computer programming)

In programming languages, closures (also lexical closures or function closures) are a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in languages with first-class functions. Operationally, a closure is a record storing a function together with an environment: a mapping associating each free variable of the function (variables that are used locally, but defined in an enclosing scope) with the value or storage location to which the name was bound when the closure was created. A closure—unlike a plain function—allows the function to access those captured variables through the closure's reference to them, even when the function is invoked outside their scope.Example. The following program fragment defines a higher-order function startAt with a parameter x and a nested function incrementBy. The nested function incrementBy has access to x, because incrementBy is in the lexical scope of x, even though x is not local to incrementBy. The function startAt returns a closure containing the function incrementBy, which adds the y value to the x value, and a reference to the variable x from this invocation of startAt, so incrementBy will know where to find it once invoked:function startAt(x) function incrementBy(y) return x + y return incrementByvariable closure1 = startAt(1)variable closure2 = startAt(5)Note that, as startAt returns a function, the variables closure1 and closure2 are of function type. Invoking closure1(3) will return 4, while invoking closure2(3) will return 8. While closure1 and closure2 refer to the same function incrementBy, the associated environments differ, and invoking the closures will bind the name x to two distinct variables with different values in the two invocations, thus evaluating the function to different results.
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