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A Low-Mu Triode Preamp - Pete Millett`s DIY Audio pages
A Low-Mu Triode Preamp - Pete Millett`s DIY Audio pages

... distortion performance is hard to beat. So why would we need an amplifier? The biggest problem (for me) with a passive preamp is that its outputs have a relatively high source impedance, and one that tends to vary substantially depending on the position of the volume control and the output impedance ...
SignaLinc™ Repeater
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... For this test, a special signal generator was calibrated to output a 1.0-volt signal. With no signal coupler installed it is easy to notice that half the outlets (on the same phase as the transmitter) have pretty good signal strength (.68 to .44 volts). However, outlets on the opposite line (phase “ ...
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DC Motor Drives - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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... what is achievable with the known two-converter UPFC. The simplest GUPFC consists of three converters—one connected in shunt and the other two in series with two transmission lines in a substation. The basic GUPFC can control total five power system quantities, such as a bus voltage and independent ...
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... where ICPWM and VCPWM is the current supplied and voltage applied to the CPWM capacitor, respectively. The pulse width is determined based on the period of FOUT and should never be greater than the period at FOUT. Make sure the PWM_CNTRL pin is set to at least 400mV when calculating the pulse width ...
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... under nonlinear loads, many improved control systems have been proposed such as sliding mode control, multi-loop, optimal state feedback, repetitive-based control, deadbeat control, and many others [1]-[7]. Although such types of feedback control approaches have fast transient response, the distorti ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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