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... dependence of switching/dynamic power PSwitching on supply voltage VDD. However lowering the supply voltage affects circuit speed which is the major short-coming of this approach. So both design and technological solutions must be applied to compensate the decrease in circuit performance introduced ...
A Fully Hardware-Implemented PMSM Motion Controller IC Solution
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... While traditional solutions for controlling the PMSM motor use software written for a microcontroller or microprocessor, MIMOS’ MCGP02I motion controller solution uses a new design approach in which complex mathematical calculations required for Field Oriented Control (FOC) of PMSM motors are direct ...
TRANSISTORS AND THYRISTORS
TRANSISTORS AND THYRISTORS

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... 5. Why auto transformer ratings are generally rated with ratio less than 2, but two windings transformer are rated more than 2 6. When two transformers are operating in different tap position is there any chance of operation of E/F or REF relay in any of the transformer 7. Why O/C relays are connect ...
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WS-POE-tester-insert.. - WiFi

... to ON. If the source is an 802.3af switch, then the display will be active even without a load. Connect your PoE switch to either the 568A or 568B input. If you see a pulsing blue light – then move the source to other input. Once any load is connected, the display will start to show Volts, Amps, Wat ...
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... setting a loop corner frequency of 8.0 to 10 Hz, in–lock. An internally controlled fast pull–in is provided. R2 is selected to slightly overdamp the control loop, and C2 prevents high frequency instability. The Level DET block senses carrier level and provides an optional tuner AGC source. It also o ...
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... SOT-23/SC-70-3(SOT-323) *G691 ONLY ICC may increased at high TA, Therefore, can not connect Resistors to VCC to prevent Icc abnormal behavior at high TA. ...
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... The product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of purchase by a retail customer. The purchase date must be evidenced by a valid and original sales receipt. In lieu of sales receipt, factory will use code date on its label. Remo ...
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... The DG540/541/542 family of wideband switches offers true bidirectional switching of high frequency analog or digital signals with minimum signal crosstalk, low insertion loss, and negligible non-linearity distortion and group delay. Built on the Siliconix D/CMOS process, these “T” switches provide ...
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... The 74221 Dual Monostable Multivibrator IC is used for the One-Shot circuits. When the input voltage V6 goes from LOW to HIGH, the first one-shot circuit produces a pulse. The width of this pulse is: PULSEWIDTH #1 = 0.7C 7 R31 = 0.7(22 µF )(120kΩ ) = 1.85s This is the time that the outputs V6 throu ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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