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Multiple output voltage regulator
Multiple output voltage regulator

... 1. Minimum operating voltage only if VP has exceeded 8 V. 2. In the sleep mode, Regulators 1 and 2 are off. In the coma mode, the state control circuit is also switched off, to make the quiescent current as low as possible. 3. Hold circuit can sink this current in the RESET state and the ON state. 4 ...
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... interfacing with high-speed digital circuitry. The LVDS standard is based on the IEEE 1596.3 LVDS specification. This technology uses 500mVp-p to 800mVp-p differential low-voltage swings to achieve fast transition times, minimize power dissipation, and improve noise immunity. For proper operation, t ...
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International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 6 (2015) No.1, pp. 1743-1748
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... quality problems occur either on source side or load side. Load side problems are associated with change in current, shunt compensation is required. But if load exceeds beyond the source power rating causes voltage fluctuations at load end. Similarly source side problems are associated with change i ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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