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Migrating From MSP430F541x/F543x to
Migrating From MSP430F541x/F543x to

... LPM4.5 can be leveraged like LPM4 in previous MSP430 families, because it achieves the lowest power consumption and is intended for shelf-life applications or applications that must sit in the lowest power mode for very long periods of time without any peripheral activity. The contents of RAM are cl ...
DAC102S085 10-Bit Micro Pwr DUAL DAC w
DAC102S085 10-Bit Micro Pwr DUAL DAC w

... Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications. All voltages are measured ...
DAC102S085 - Texas Instruments
DAC102S085 - Texas Instruments

... Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications. All voltages are measured ...
USB 4-Channel, 24-bit Universal Analog Input Device
USB 4-Channel, 24-bit Universal Analog Input Device

... This user's guide contains all of the information you need to connect the USB-2404-UI to your computer and to the signals you want to measure. The USB-2404-UI is a USB 2.0 high-speed device that is supported under popular Microsoft® Windows® operating systems. The USB-2404-UI is fully compatible wit ...
General Specifications MODEL UM330 Digital Indicator with Alarms
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60-0548 - R8229A Electric Heat Relay, R8246 Electric Heat Contactor
60-0548 - R8229A Electric Heat Relay, R8246 Electric Heat Contactor

Automatic Remote Control and Data Acquisition for Experimental
Automatic Remote Control and Data Acquisition for Experimental

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ISOPLUS-DIL™ Series Designed for Highest Reliability

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Hall Effect Sensor Technical Information Application Note

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Triple Differential Driver With Output Pull-Down AD8133

... The AD8133 is a major advancement beyond using discrete op amps for driving differential RGB signals over twisted pair cable. The AD8133 is a triple, low cost differential or singleended input to differential output driver, and each amplifier has a fixed gain of 2 to compensate for the attenuation o ...
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Precision, Selectable Gain, Fully Differential Funnel Amplifier AD8475

... High performance Suited for driving 18-bit converter up to 4 MSPS 10 nV/√Hz output noise 3 ppm/°C gain drift 500 μV maximum output offset 50 V/μs slew rate Low power: 3.2 mA supply current ...
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Triple Differential Driver for Wideband Video / AD8146

... ground, and power planes reduces the θJA. The exposed paddle on the underside of the package must be soldered to a pad on the PCB surface that is thermally connected to a ground plane to achieve the specified θJA. Figure 3 shows the maximum safe power dissipation in the package vs. the ambient tempe ...
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A Unique Approach to Developing Sensor

... obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment. TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the speci ...
MOS Inverter: Static Characteristics
MOS Inverter: Static Characteristics

... The inverter is the most fundamental logic gate that performs a Boolean operation on a single input variable. Many basic principles employed in the design and analysis of MOS inverters can be directly applied to more complex circuits such as NAND, NOR and XOR, XNOR gates. The inverter operation is s ...
Aalborg Universitet Reactive Power Injection Strategies for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems
Aalborg Universitet Reactive Power Injection Strategies for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems

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... life time curves (Section 3.1.10) for safety design. (6) Vcc(prot) The maximum supply voltage for IGBT turning off safely in case of an SC fault. The power chip might be damaged if supply voltage exceeds this rating. (7) Tc position Tc (case temperature) is defined as the temperature just underneath ...
APPLICATION NOTE - TDA9901 - DIGITAL PROGRAMMABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER
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... frequency decoupling of maximum 100nF was added on the middle point of the transformer secondary, to get a good "dynamic" ground. The dynamic analog signal is connected through a 220nF AC coupling to the input RF transformer via a short 50Ω microstrip matched line and a SMA plug-in connector. In fac ...
Appendix B: Electric Power System Basics - MIT Energy Initiative
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... reactance of the transmission line and forces the transmission voltage and current to be in phase (a good thing). This process is called “line compensation.” The inductive reactance of a transmission line is proportional to both frequency and line length, and for long ac lines the inductive reactan ...
Aalborg Universitet Mostaan, Ali; N. Soltani, Mohsen
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that this manual (in PDF format) - CNC

... can be used with the operation modes marked with a x in Table 6 (chapter 6.4). This signal has to be valid at least 2 milliSec before STEP signal and has to stay in this status for at least 2 milliSec after last STEP sent to the drive. CURRENT OFF INPUT: when this signal is ON drive is active. When ...
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... are needed, but can also be used for linear applications by transforming circular to linear motion with a bolt and screw transducer. On the other hand, some actuators are intrinsically linear, such as piezoelectric actuators. ...
Owners Instruction Manual - Alner Hamblin Electronics
Owners Instruction Manual - Alner Hamblin Electronics

... to the “bridge” position and the upper “left” phono socket (or the left XLR socket) is used for the input. The two red speaker terminals are used to connect to the loudspeaker, with the one nearest the input sockets (left channel) being “positive”. As supplied, the amplifier electronics zero volt li ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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