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ZLM4 OEM Technical Manual  Version 3, June 2014
ZLM4 OEM Technical Manual Version 3, June 2014

view pdf - AMETEK Programmable Power
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... This LPL Series Programmable DC Electronic Load from American Reliance Inc. offers a complete solution to the electronic load system requirements. This instrument was designed to assist in the development and testing of new products, as well as is being a standard instrument for automatic test syste ...
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... The realm of embedded systems is quite large and is predominantly carried out around the general purpose processor and microcontrollers. The use of field programmable gate array (FPGA) in microprocessor-based embedded systems is often for glue logic or for off-loading the processor from tasks that r ...
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... 5.25 inch diskette drive can, with an appropriate cable, be driven directly from the parallel port. Documentation on this approach to recycling motors from old diskette drives has been put on the web by Tomy Engdahl. Since we are interested in supporting multiple motors, we will use DATA lines 4 to ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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