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Cowern Papers
Cowern Papers

... torque. In some respects, this motor can be said to have a “spongy” characteristic when loads are changing. Design D motors are particularly suited for low speed, punch press applications and hoist and elevator applications. Generally, the efficiency of Design D motors at full load is rather poor an ...
LASER PRINTER Phaser 3450
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... the equipment may be impaired and can result in Impaired operation and injury. • Caution: Hazardous voltages can cause shock, burns or death. • Installation/service personnel must be familiar with general device test practices, electrical awareness and safety precautions must be followed. • Before p ...
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... Dual Boost and Two-circuit-boost PFC are operated simultaneously by the same gate signal from the controller. Although both switches are always gated, only one switch, on which the positive input voltage is induced, carries positive current and delivers the power to the output. The other switch, on ...
MAX9315 1:5 Differential LVPECL/LVECL/HSTL Clock and Data
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... Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter, serial interface, in combination with a transceiver a RS232, RS422, RS485, IrDA or similar interface can be achieved ...
Table of Contents HARTMAN Power Switching Contactors
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... microcontrollers, embedded control systems, application projects for industrial control. Pre-req.: POWE 214. POWE 522-HIGH VOLTAGE (3Crs.:2Lec,2Lab): Electrical transients in networks with distributed parameters (traveling waves on transmission lines), protection against lightning and insulation coo ...
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... XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnec ...
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... 1.) The dimmer rack shall be a freestanding, dead front switchboard, substantially framed and enclosed with16-gauge formed steel panels. All rack components shall be properly treated, primed and finished in fine texture, scratch resistant, coating. 2.) The 48 module dimmer rack shall not exceed 2032 ...
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... of impregnating and surface treatment materials are also to be used in this area. Moreover resistance materials are also used for different purposes as potential divider, heating and controlling element. This subject provides the necessary information regarding all above materials so that the studen ...
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... also tell you that vibrations are associated with sound in all these cases. If you strike a steel tumbler with a spoon, hear the sound and then hold the tumbler with firm hand, the vibrations will cease and so will the sound. Discuss the observations with your friends. Can you now conclude that the ...
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Axxium™ Pro UPS

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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