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PRO-2200 Two Reader Module Installation Manual
PRO-2200 Two Reader Module Installation Manual

... Mounting the board flat increases the amount of available I/O slightly but also significantly decreases the number of boards that can be mounted in one enclosure. The I/O terminals are organized to support two doors. Starting at the bottom of the rackmount side of the board, the first connector prov ...
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... applications using TI components. To minimize the risks associated with Buyers’ products and applications, Buyers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards. TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask ...
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... This is the interface for the servomotors. When they are initiated, the fields are filled in with numbers. After initialization, numbers can be entered to specify the location of the motors in the field under the label “apt motor controller.” Once the drill is positioned in the location for the fir ...
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... The one time extension in the delivery period may be granted at the discretion of the undersigned. The penalty at a rate of 2% per month of the full cost of the equipment is liable to be charged for the extension of the delivery period Equipment received after the delivery period or dispatched after ...
09210021, 09210019, 11310015
09210021, 09210019, 11310015

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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