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Bipolar Junction Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistors

... Power dissipation: When a transistor conducts current between collector and emitter, it also drops voltage between those two points. At any given time, the power dissipated by a transistor is equal to the product (multiplication) of collector current and collector-emitter voltage. Just like resistor ...
User Manual “The Grail SB” Fully Balanced Phonograph Preamplifier
User Manual “The Grail SB” Fully Balanced Phonograph Preamplifier

... Impedance matching for MM and MI systems connected to the “MM” input These lines are dedicated to the skilled users only – if in doubt, always consult your dealer! What about the impedance matching of MM or MI systems? Normally, everything should be fine. “The Grail's” input impedance is 47Kilo-Ohms ...
Device circuit breakers
Device circuit breakers

... Reliable protection in the event of harmful overload and short-circuit currents System failures can be caused by various factors. A permanent overload, for example, can damage the load and lead to the downtime of the system or a system part. Provide selective fuse protection for the control circuits ...
BU7462FVM
BU7462FVM

... The voltage difference between inverting input and non-inverting input is the differential input voltage. Then input terminal voltage is set to more than VSS. (Note 16) An excessive input current will flow when input voltages of more than VDD+0.6V or less than VSS-0.6V are applied. The input current ...
2-4Cell Li+ Battery SMBus Charge Controller with N
2-4Cell Li+ Battery SMBus Charge Controller with N

... For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the IC Package Thermal Metrics application report, SPRA953. The junction-to-ambient thermal resistance under natural convection is obtained in a simulation on a JEDEC-standard, high-K board, as specified in JESD51-7, in an environme ...
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TPS65132 Evaluation Module User's Guide
TPS65132 Evaluation Module User's Guide

Specification Number: 23 09 33 Product Name: FRENIC
Specification Number: 23 09 33 Product Name: FRENIC

... G. The drive shall contain a momentary power loss ride-through of 15 milliseconds to continue operating the motor under load, longer ride-through times for the drive’s control circuitry shall be provided and will be dependent upon the inertia of the connected motor load. H. An analog input signal lo ...
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MAX16055 Ultra-Small, Hex Voltage, Microprocessor Supervisor General Description

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SP232E 数据资料DataSheet下载

... — VSS transfer — Phase two of the clock connects the negative terminal of C2 to the VSS storage capacitor and the positive terminal of C2 to ground, and transfers the generated –l0V to C3. Simultaneously, the positive side of capacitor C 1 is switched to +5V and the negative side is connected to gro ...
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How to Install an ISONAS PowerNet™ Reader-Controller

... To install an ISONAS Reader-controller unit, you must complete three key wiring tasks: 1.Supply power to the Reader-controller unit. This may be accomplished with a power feed on the Ethernet Data cable (Power over Ethernet [PoE]) or through an external DC power source (12VDC or 24VDC) 2.Wire the un ...
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LTC6915 - Linear Technology

... Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: These parameters are tested at ±5V supply; at 3V and 5V supplies th ...
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Aalborg Universitet

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Submittal Review Cover Sheet

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... This feature provides an ON/OFF trigger for the MAX® 5100-EX using a Direct Current voltage signal. Many components such as pre-amplifiers and receivers have a DC trigger built in, and will transmit a constant power signal when turned on and in use. The presence of this power signal will turn on the ...
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... (e.g. short circuit, open circuit, etc). Therefore, if any special mode is being considered with values expected to exceed the absolute maximum ratings, implementing physical safety measures, such as adding fuses, should be considered. 2. The electrical characteristics given in this specification ma ...
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... More expensive servos come with metal gears for higher torque and longer life, followed by karbonite and then nylon gears for the cheapest. Nylon Gears - Nylon gears are most common in servos. They are extremely smooth with little or no wear factors. They are also very lightweight, but lack in durab ...
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MAX4090 3V/5V, 6dB Video Buffer with Sync-Tip Clamp

Low-Power, Precision SINGLE-SUPPLY OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS FEATURES ±
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... power-supply rejection, and a wide supply range provides excellent accuracy and versatility. Single, dual, and quad versions have identical specifications for maximum design flexibility. These general-purpose op amps are ideal for portable and battery-powered applications. The OPA234 series op amps ...
Pluto Servo Drive Product Manual v.6
Pluto Servo Drive Product Manual v.6

... The Pluto Servo Drive components temperature may exceed 100 ºC during operation. Some components become electrically charged when in operation. The power supply connected to this controller should comply with the parameters specified in this document. When connecting the Pluto Servo Drive to an appr ...
Time Varying Harmonic Currents from Large Penetration Electronic
Time Varying Harmonic Currents from Large Penetration Electronic

... average demand progressively decreasing in function of battery charge status. Each partial duty-cycle provides on its turn sub-cycles, such as those illustrated in Figure 27, in which the current absorption varies mainly between a maximum (charge) and a minimum (stand-by) level. At battery charge in ...
8.  Electric Power AP1000 Design Control Document
8. Electric Power AP1000 Design Control Document

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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