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M48T58
M48T58

... preserves data and powers the clock. The internal button cell will maintain data in the M48T58/Y for an accumulated period of at least 7 years when VCC is less than VSO. As system power returns and VCC rises above VSO, the battery is disconnected, and the power supply is switched to external VCC. Wr ...
lecure07_07_07_2010 - EECS: www
lecure07_07_07_2010 - EECS: www

instituto tecnológico y de estudios superiores de monterrey
instituto tecnológico y de estudios superiores de monterrey

... applications, since it provides a convenient method for constructing nonlinear controllers via the use of heuristic information. In this work, it is proposed a control system based on fuzzy logic to control the tip-sample distance in a scanning near field optical microscope (SNOM) using fuzzy contro ...
General Description Features
General Description Features

... pad on the EV kit. The output voltage can be adjusted from 1.22V to 5V by placing a shunt in the 2-3 position on jumper JU5 and selecting the appropriate resistor values for R13 and R16. To enable DC-DC2, place a shunt in the 1-2 position on jumper JU1. To disable DC-DC2, place a shunt in the 2-3 po ...
Basic type digital temperature controller E5GN(48 x 24
Basic type digital temperature controller E5GN(48 x 24

... If heating/cooling control mode is used, an auxiliary output is used as a control output for the cooling side. The number of auxiliary outputs that can be used will decrease by one. Also, the signal for the control output for the cooling side will be a relay output. A current control output can be u ...
An MSP430F11x1 Sigma-Delta Type Millivolt
An MSP430F11x1 Sigma-Delta Type Millivolt

... successively or using a faster MSP430 MCLK. The maximum MSP430F11x1 MCLK is much higher than 3.578545 MHz used in this report. The conversion speed of an integrating A/D is typically sufficient for remote sensors, data logging, and measuring slow changing data such a temperature, battery voltage, an ...
An MSP430F11x1 Sigma-Delta Type Millivolt Meter
An MSP430F11x1 Sigma-Delta Type Millivolt Meter

... successively or using a faster MSP430 MCLK. The maximum MSP430F11x1 MCLK is much higher than 3.578545 MHz used in this report. The conversion speed of an integrating A/D is typically sufficient for remote sensors, data logging, and measuring slow changing data such a temperature, battery voltage, an ...
650 Frame 1, 2, 3 Product Manual Ver 3.x
650 Frame 1, 2, 3 Product Manual Ver 3.x

... The equipment must be permanently earthed due to the high earth leakage current. The drive motor must be connected to an appropriate safety earth. The equipment contains high value capacitors which take time to discharge after removal of the mains supply. Before working on the equipment, ensure isol ...
Parameters related to voltage issues - entso-e
Parameters related to voltage issues - entso-e

... mandatory. However in the event that there is a risk to voltage stability (notably collapse) system operators may require additional protection to disconnect demand or generation necessary to permit the timely connection of new facilities or generators and maintain security of supply. For power gene ...
Eurotherm 650 series manual
Eurotherm 650 series manual

... The equipment must be permanently earthed due to the high earth leakage current. The drive motor must be connected to an appropriate safety earth. The equipment contains high value capacitors which take time to discharge after removal of the mains supply. Before working on the equipment, ensure isol ...
AH292
AH292

... AH292 is a monolithic fan motor controller with Hall sensor’s capability. It contains two complementary open-collector transistors for motor’s coil driving, automatic lock current shutdown, and recovery protections. In addition a Frequency generator (FG) output is also available for speed detection. ...
AN2764, Improving the Transient Immunity Performance of
AN2764, Improving the Transient Immunity Performance of

USB Type-C™ Power Path Protection With
USB Type-C™ Power Path Protection With

... The TLV733P is a 1.0×1.0-mm, low quiescent current, low-dropout linear regulator (LDO) that can source 300 mA with good line and load transient performance. This device provides a typical accuracy of 1% and has been designed with a modern capacitor-free architecture to ensure stability without an in ...
BDTIC www.BDTIC.com/infineon Industrial Automation Efficient & Robust Semiconductor Solutions
BDTIC www.BDTIC.com/infineon Industrial Automation Efficient & Robust Semiconductor Solutions

... There are several aspects to deviate from the standard PLC concept for low-end applications, such as simple house-automation control units or electronic points of sale (ePOS). In this area, the main requirements are reduction of size, low-cost, ease of use, compactness and even more power efficiency ...
AT91SAM9G20 Summary - Technologic Systems
AT91SAM9G20 Summary - Technologic Systems

... – 0.9V to 1.1V for VDDBU, VDDCORE, VDDPLL – 1.65 to 3.6V for VDDOSC – 1.65V to 3.6V for VDDIOP (Peripheral I/Os) – 3.0V to 3.6V for VDDUSB – 3.0V to 3.6V VDDANA (Analog-to-digital Converter) – Programmable 1.65V to 1.95V or 3.0V to 3.6V for VDDIOM (Memory I/Os) Available in a 217-ball LFBGA and 247- ...
Potentiometer - Make Your Point
Potentiometer - Make Your Point

... Learn It! A potentiometer is a variable resistor. Resistors provide electrical impedance to current flow, forcing a voltage drop across their terminals. Most resistors have a fixed resistance value, measured in ohms. A potentiometer functions much like a normal resistor, except that its resistance v ...
QCW Fiber Lasers Come of Age
QCW Fiber Lasers Come of Age

... The operator has full control over pulse duration, duty cycle, frequency, pulse energy, and average power in real time when processing intricate parts (such as sharp corners and narrow holes) or highly reflective and sensitive materials. QCW lasers offer superior pulse-shaping capabilities for produ ...
ARS-4 manual - Victron Energy
ARS-4 manual - Victron Energy

... Advanced Programming provides the ability to modify factory preset programs to meet specific charging needs. Advanced programming includes system voltage adjustment, system time adjustment, and equalization (time and voltage) adjustment. (Equalization is only suggested for batteries noted as “equali ...
A 36 nW, 7 ppm/C on-Chip Clock Source Platform for Near
A 36 nW, 7 ppm/C on-Chip Clock Source Platform for Near

Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures

Shunt power electronic buffer as active filter and energy flow controller
Shunt power electronic buffer as active filter and energy flow controller

... t ∈ (0, T1) , wAF (t = 0) = WAF0, where: WAF 0 is filter initial energy, wAF (t) is filter energy at time t, pL and pAF are load and filter instantaneous powers. The filter energy wA F (t) tracks the active energy consumed/stored/generated in the load, and dissipated in filter switches during period ...
Product Manual - Home Electronic Warehouse
Product Manual - Home Electronic Warehouse

OPA336 OPA2336 OPA4336 SINGLE-SUPPLY,
OPA336 OPA2336 OPA4336 SINGLE-SUPPLY,

... Exposure to absolute maximum conditions for extended periods may degrade device reliability. These are stress ratings only. Functional operation of the device at these conditions, or beyond the specified operating conditions, is not implied. (2) Input terminals are diode-clamped to the power supply ...
LIU_IONS_Linac3_meeting_19_11_2014
LIU_IONS_Linac3_meeting_19_11_2014

...  The upgrade of the converters for the pulsed steerers has been integrated in the consolidation budget request.  Total budget is ~900kchf to replace all the converters except the MAXIDISCAP#4, LPSS, HEINZINGER and N10 that are “EPC standard”.  The ‘ideal’ schedule for this consolidation would be ...
ZXTR2012Z Description Features
ZXTR2012Z Description Features

... 2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user. B. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failur ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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