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Electrical Installations Lab AEL-1 Advanced Electrical Laboratories (AEL-LABS):
Electrical Installations Lab AEL-1 Advanced Electrical Laboratories (AEL-LABS):

... SCADA Systems - SCADA. Control Software: Software designed to control different applications that require an advance control system, such as generation systems remote control, distribution systems with control over power flows and isolating switches, etc. It is included if the application required i ...
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... This part is a core circuit. It has a microcomputer , which manages INV main function. ...
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Mod 4 – Cable Testing - Chabot College
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... The voltage level cannot be amplified at the receiver, nor can the bit duration be extended in order to recognize the data. This means that as much of the original signal strength must be retained, as the signal moves through the cable and passes through the connectors. In anticipation of ever-faste ...
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... With a trend towards more sophisticated integrated circuits, with more connections and increasing data rates, the requirements on the printed circuit board, PCB, design have become ever so important in order to guarantee reliable transmission of digital data between subsystems on a single circuit bo ...
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... Power dissipation(total loss) indicates the power that can be consumed by IC at TA=25°C(normal temperature). IC is heated when it consumed power, and the temperature of IC chip becomes higher than ambient temperature. The temperature that can be accepted by IC chip depends on circuit configuration, ...
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... where  = 1/29 and the phase-shift is 180o  For the loop gain A to be greater than unity, the gain of the amplifier stage must be greater than 29.  If we measure the phase-shift per RC section, each section would not provide the same phase shift (although the overall phase shift is 180o).  In or ...
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... The IB-G is a small electronic circuit board that extends the functionality of an external system controller to drive step motor valves. The external controller must provide an analog 0-10VDC or 4-20mA signal to the IB-G. The signal is then converted to a step motor signal to position the valve. The ...
LF412-N 数据资料 dataSheet 下载
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... will cause a reversal of the phase to the output and force the amplifier output to the corresponding high or low state. Exceeding the negative common-mode limit on both inputs will force the amplifier output to a high state. In neither case does a latch occur since raising the input back within the ...
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... the original data may be recovered. In some multiple-access communication systems, a number of independent users are required to share a common channel. It is known to use bipolar phase shift keying spread spectrum (BPSK-SS) or quadrature phase shift keying spread spectrum (QPSK-SS) modems in such s ...
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... to 5A maximum. For example, if the output voltage of the channel 3 is set to 15V, then the maximum output current is 2A. If the output voltage is set to 6V, then the output current could be up to 5A. However, if the output voltage is set to 3V, the output current will still keep within 5A because of ...
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Low-Power Sub-GHz RF Transceiver (470-510

... implantable cardiac rhythm management systems, including without limitation pacemakers, defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization devices, external cardiac rhythm management systems that communicate directly with one or more implantable medical devices; or other devices used to monitor or treat c ...
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... mini-mono plug. This feature provides an ON/OFF trigger for the M4000-PRO using a Direct Current (DC) voltage signal. Many components such as pre-amplifiers and receivers have a DC trigger built in, and will transmit a constant power signal when turned on and in use. The presence of this power signa ...
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... battery is constant current charged to restore capacity, then shall be constant voltage charged to maintain the battery in a fully charged state. Recharge time for the internal UPS batteries shall be five (5) hours maximum to 95% capacity (full load discharge rate). There is DC overvoltage protectio ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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