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The Schmitt Trigger
The Schmitt Trigger

... the output negative when the input passes upward through a positive reference voltage. It then uses negative feedback to prevent switching back to the other state until the input passes through a lower threshold voltage, thus stabilizing the switching against rapid triggering by noise as it passes t ...
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... The Liebert PSA is an economical, environmentally-friendly line-interactive UPS that offers full- featured power protection for small office computers and electronic equipment. Liebert Multilink software automatically powers down your computer in the event of an extended power outage. It also has fu ...
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...  3U chassis provides 5 power modules + 1 16A AC input  6U chassis provides 10 power modules + 2 16A AC inputs  Power factor: 0.997 (@230 VAC, 16A)  Input power: o 16 A o 3 pin Hirschmann connector  Up to 8 floating DC output channels  Ramp rate fixed.  Trip limits per channel; one shuts down ...
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... As the lowest power member of Pacific Power’s AMX-Series popular family of high performance Linear AC Power Sources, the 105AMX offers the same low output voltage noise and distortion, ease of installation, and high AC waveform fidelity as found in all of Pacific Power’s Linear AC Power Sources. Con ...
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... has a multiple of the usual six switches found in a three-phase inverter, is to synthesize a sinusoidal voltage from several levels of voltages, typically obtained from capacitor voltage sources. The main motivation for such converters is that current is shared among these multiple switches, allowin ...
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DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PIEZOELECTRIC

... load capacitor as well as the maximum instantaneous power versus input acceleration value. The output voltage does not increase linearly with the input acceleration and reaches almost 2V for 2g excitation. The maximum instantaneous power of charging of the capacitor was calculated from temporal vari ...
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loss-free resistor-based power factor correction using a

... Compared to the conventional PFC boost converter, one diode is eliminated from the line-current path, so that the line current only flows through two semiconductors and, therefore, conduction losses are reduced. When the AC input voltage goes positive, the gate of S1 is driven high and current flows ...
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... Active high signal is asserted when closed loop trimming/margining is not achievable because PWM is at min or max duty cycle, but desired power converter output voltage has not been achieved. Remains asserted as long as the alert condition exists on any output ...
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factors that affect the charging time of a capacitor

... Increasing the value of the capacitor ______________ the time taken to charge. Decreasing the value of the capacitor ______________ the time taken to charge. Increasing the value of R decreases the ______________ in the circuit and hence the time taken to charge the capacitor ______________. Decreas ...
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Application Tip - Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.

... adjusts the bandcenter of the control to compensate the local voltage by the calculated voltage drop. (If the bandcenter setting is 120 V and LDC voltage drop calculation is 3 V, the new bandcenter will be 123 V. This causes the desired voltage level to appear at the load center.) (The setpoint may ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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