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Lecture2 - WordPress.com
Lecture2 - WordPress.com

...  The frequency domain is more compact and useful when we are dealing with more than one sine wave.  A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in data communication o We need to send a composite signal, a signal made of many simple ...
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... The MSL3085 monitors for string open circuit, LED short circuit, loss-of-sync and over temperature faults, and provides a hardware fault output to notify the MCU. Detailed fault status and control are available through the serial interface. Additionally, the MSL3085 includes an on-chip EEPROM that a ...
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... The very high-speed launch and enormous current reserves of the DMA-360 Series 2 are made possible with the use of Spectral's proprietary "Focused Array" construction. This breakthrough topology aligns high-current vertical FET output devices for rapid, pistonic signal launch. The output section is ...
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

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1500 Watt MOSORB® Transient Voltage Suppressor, 9.1 V Unidir

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... FM signal characters • The FM wave is comprised of an infinite number of sideband components • bandwidth of an FM signal must be wider than that of an AM signal • As the modulation index increases from mf = 0, the spectral energy shifts from the carrier frequency to an increasing number of signific ...
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NCL30051LEDGEVB 35-50 Volt, Up to 1.5 Amp, Offline Power Factor

... junction temperature and the typical load power would be ~53 W which is over 100 lm/W. This application note also focuses on various options for dimming including PWM, analog and bi−level dimming. Intelligent dimming takes full advantage of the instant turn−on characteristics of LEDs and combines it ...
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Hardware Design Notes

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... waveforms. Here are some of the errors you may see -- and what our experience has shown to be the most common causes. Missing terminator. If the waveform shows peak-to-peak signal strength to be twice as large as the normal 0.8 to 1.2 volt, you may be missing a terminator on the segment. There are t ...
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

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chip, the data sheet
chip, the data sheet

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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