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... regulates most instinctual responses and basic life processes. Located on top of the brain stem are the limbic system and the cerebrum; the addition of these two layers during the evolutionary process has greatly expanded the powers of the human brain. The cerebral cortex is the outer covering o ...
... regulates most instinctual responses and basic life processes. Located on top of the brain stem are the limbic system and the cerebrum; the addition of these two layers during the evolutionary process has greatly expanded the powers of the human brain. The cerebral cortex is the outer covering o ...
Neurosteroids: Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes and
... conversion of D5-3b-hydroxysteroids into D4-3-ketosteroids, plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of steroid hormones (Fig. 1). Molecular cloning of the cDNAs encoding 3b-HSD has revealed the existence in human of two isoforms of the enzyme: type I 3b-HSD which is mainly expressed ...
... conversion of D5-3b-hydroxysteroids into D4-3-ketosteroids, plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of steroid hormones (Fig. 1). Molecular cloning of the cDNAs encoding 3b-HSD has revealed the existence in human of two isoforms of the enzyme: type I 3b-HSD which is mainly expressed ...
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... • Pruning is the process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses. It allows the brain to preserve the most efficient pathways and eliminate those that are redundant. • The process of myelination, or the development of myelin sheaths around axons, begins prior ...
... • Pruning is the process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses. It allows the brain to preserve the most efficient pathways and eliminate those that are redundant. • The process of myelination, or the development of myelin sheaths around axons, begins prior ...
the emergence of cerebral asymmetries in early human
... language developmentally. More recently, Lenneberg (1967) furt.her detailed the model of development.al change in lateralization of functions, proposing a critical period for language development., and hence for t.he progressive est.ablishment. of left-hemisphere language dominance, during t.he peri ...
... language developmentally. More recently, Lenneberg (1967) furt.her detailed the model of development.al change in lateralization of functions, proposing a critical period for language development., and hence for t.he progressive est.ablishment. of left-hemisphere language dominance, during t.he peri ...
interactions between number and space in parietal cortex
... with a lower response button and large numbers with an upper response button27, despite the fact that Japanese people write either left-to-right (as for Western individuals) or top-to-bottom (which would predict the converse SNARC effect). It is possible that this is due to graphing conventions (in ...
... with a lower response button and large numbers with an upper response button27, despite the fact that Japanese people write either left-to-right (as for Western individuals) or top-to-bottom (which would predict the converse SNARC effect). It is possible that this is due to graphing conventions (in ...
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... 5.You, as the caregiver, do ultimately affect a child’s neurological growth through activities and interactions with the child. ANS: T 6.The gestation period for a human being is actually not long enough because other species can walk soon after birth takes place. ANS: T 7.Newborns never sleep more ...
... 5.You, as the caregiver, do ultimately affect a child’s neurological growth through activities and interactions with the child. ANS: T 6.The gestation period for a human being is actually not long enough because other species can walk soon after birth takes place. ANS: T 7.Newborns never sleep more ...
Biomechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms related to
... tension variation, but only a combination of afferent inputs can provide the necessary information to control body equilibrium (Dietz, 1996). The role of proprioceptive information from ankle muscles has been highlighted in various studies (Fitzpatrick et al., 1994; Fitzpatrick et al., 1992a; Gatev ...
... tension variation, but only a combination of afferent inputs can provide the necessary information to control body equilibrium (Dietz, 1996). The role of proprioceptive information from ankle muscles has been highlighted in various studies (Fitzpatrick et al., 1994; Fitzpatrick et al., 1992a; Gatev ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... behavioural and physiological capacities of a given species and the specific physical and social environments in which they normally act. The same resource may be pursued as a ‘reward’ in some contexts and avoided in others. ...
... behavioural and physiological capacities of a given species and the specific physical and social environments in which they normally act. The same resource may be pursued as a ‘reward’ in some contexts and avoided in others. ...
Downloaded - Proceedings of the Royal Society B
... This model has been supported by many quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies that have identified large-effect loci, including the evolution of floral traits in the transition from bee to hummingbird pollination in Mimulus [7], the evolution of light-coloured beach mice from their darker, ma ...
... This model has been supported by many quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies that have identified large-effect loci, including the evolution of floral traits in the transition from bee to hummingbird pollination in Mimulus [7], the evolution of light-coloured beach mice from their darker, ma ...
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... Pruning is the process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses. It allows the brain to preserve the most efficient pathways and eliminate those that are redundant. The process of myelination, or the development of myelin sheaths around axons, begins prior ...
... Pruning is the process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses. It allows the brain to preserve the most efficient pathways and eliminate those that are redundant. The process of myelination, or the development of myelin sheaths around axons, begins prior ...
8129402
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... indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted ...
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... Lecture/Discussion: Neurotransmitters: Chemical Communicators of the Nervous System In 1921, a scientist in Austria put two living, beating hearts in a fluid bath that kept them beating. He stimulated the vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic n ...
... Lecture/Discussion: Neurotransmitters: Chemical Communicators of the Nervous System In 1921, a scientist in Austria put two living, beating hearts in a fluid bath that kept them beating. He stimulated the vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic n ...
HEAD/NECK IV: Cranial Nerves
... – Exits with eye muscle group (superior orbital fissure, through orbit to superior orbital notch/foramina) – Sensory to forehead, nasal cavity ...
... – Exits with eye muscle group (superior orbital fissure, through orbit to superior orbital notch/foramina) – Sensory to forehead, nasal cavity ...
HEAD/NECK IV: Cranial Nerves
... – Exits with eye muscle group (superior orbital fissure, through orbit to superior orbital notch/foramina) – Sensory to forehead, nasal cavity ...
... – Exits with eye muscle group (superior orbital fissure, through orbit to superior orbital notch/foramina) – Sensory to forehead, nasal cavity ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... The contribution of the “indirect” pathway to selection has been more difficult to unravel. The original box-and-arrow models proposed that this pathway acts to counteract the selection of an action: increased inhibition of the GPe by its striatal inputs would lead to enhanced STN output to SNr/GPi, ...
... The contribution of the “indirect” pathway to selection has been more difficult to unravel. The original box-and-arrow models proposed that this pathway acts to counteract the selection of an action: increased inhibition of the GPe by its striatal inputs would lead to enhanced STN output to SNr/GPi, ...
Imitation, mirror neurons and autism
... repetitive and restricted patterns of behaviour. In those children with autism as opposed to Asperger's syndrome, the disorder has an onset before the age of 3 years and is associated with delayed and abnormal language development [6±8]. The condition is heterogeneous, both with respect to cause and ...
... repetitive and restricted patterns of behaviour. In those children with autism as opposed to Asperger's syndrome, the disorder has an onset before the age of 3 years and is associated with delayed and abnormal language development [6±8]. The condition is heterogeneous, both with respect to cause and ...
Shamanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
... (1951/1964), Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, provided a ground-breaking synthesis of a body of ethnographic studies on shamanistic practices. A key implication of Eliade’s approach was that the concept of shamanism was cross-cultural, pointing out that these were not just Siberian and Eura ...
... (1951/1964), Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, provided a ground-breaking synthesis of a body of ethnographic studies on shamanistic practices. A key implication of Eliade’s approach was that the concept of shamanism was cross-cultural, pointing out that these were not just Siberian and Eura ...
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... relationship between neuroanatomy, physiology and social behaviors, including imitation learning, language, empathy, theory of mind, and even self-awareness. Equally important is the need to find ways to arrest its increasing prevalence and to ameliorate its symptoms. In this review, we highlight ne ...
... relationship between neuroanatomy, physiology and social behaviors, including imitation learning, language, empathy, theory of mind, and even self-awareness. Equally important is the need to find ways to arrest its increasing prevalence and to ameliorate its symptoms. In this review, we highlight ne ...
Responses of the Human Brain to Mild Dehydration and
... University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and Research Center for MagneticResonance-Bavaria (F.B.), Würzburg, Germany. Please address correspondence to Armin Biller, MD, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; e-mail: armin.bill ...
... University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; and Research Center for MagneticResonance-Bavaria (F.B.), Würzburg, Germany. Please address correspondence to Armin Biller, MD, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; e-mail: armin.bill ...
Developmental structure in brain evolution
... as a cliff and inhibit motion (Gibson & Walk 1960). Human infants recognize a different pattern as a face, orient to it, and reproduce its expressions (Meltzoff 1996). In looking more closely at the structure of brain evolution, we may hope to understand how the general and the specialized can cohab ...
... as a cliff and inhibit motion (Gibson & Walk 1960). Human infants recognize a different pattern as a face, orient to it, and reproduce its expressions (Meltzoff 1996). In looking more closely at the structure of brain evolution, we may hope to understand how the general and the specialized can cohab ...
Fractionation of social brain circuits in autism
... The extent to which abnormal connectivity in autism spectrum disorders is limited to domain-specific social brain areas has not been directly evaluated to date. In part, this has been due to methodological limitations. Connectivity differences in functional MRI, assessed using correlation or related ...
... The extent to which abnormal connectivity in autism spectrum disorders is limited to domain-specific social brain areas has not been directly evaluated to date. In part, this has been due to methodological limitations. Connectivity differences in functional MRI, assessed using correlation or related ...
Evidence for a distributed hierarchy of action
... prehension remains an important experimental paradigm for demonstrating how behavior is shaped in anticipation of future motor outcomes. During a reach and grasp, the arm, hand and digits move toward the desired object in a highly structured behavioral pattern, with kinematic features reflecting the ...
... prehension remains an important experimental paradigm for demonstrating how behavior is shaped in anticipation of future motor outcomes. During a reach and grasp, the arm, hand and digits move toward the desired object in a highly structured behavioral pattern, with kinematic features reflecting the ...
Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and
... the principal diffusion direction corresponds to the underlying fiber direction.3,4 Therefore, by following estimates of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to reconstruct estimated fiber pathways.9,25,37 Conventional approaches to tract tracing, however, can typically only trace pat ...
... the principal diffusion direction corresponds to the underlying fiber direction.3,4 Therefore, by following estimates of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to reconstruct estimated fiber pathways.9,25,37 Conventional approaches to tract tracing, however, can typically only trace pat ...
5-28-2007
... cholinergic corticopetal projection neurons have received particular attention due to their loss in Alzheimer’s disease. In MRI images, the precise delineation of these structures is difficult due to limited spatial resolution and contrast. Here, using microscopic delineations in ten human postmorte ...
... cholinergic corticopetal projection neurons have received particular attention due to their loss in Alzheimer’s disease. In MRI images, the precise delineation of these structures is difficult due to limited spatial resolution and contrast. Here, using microscopic delineations in ten human postmorte ...
Evolution of human intelligence
The evolution of human intelligence refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human intelligence has evolved and are closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language.The timeline of human evolution spans approximately 7 million years, from the separation of the Pan genus until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The first 3 million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus, the following 2 million concern Australopithecus and the final 2 million span the history of actual human species in the Paleolithic era.Many traits of human intelligence, such as empathy, theory of mind, mourning, ritual, and the use of symbols and tools, are apparent in great apes although in less sophisticated forms than found in humans, such as Great ape language.