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GLOSSARY OF TERMS OF THE SHOP INGOLD
GLOSSARY OF TERMS OF THE SHOP INGOLD

... a clearing unit is derived from gold price. When using the gold standard, the currency is formed either by coins minted from a precisely defined amount of gold or by such notes for whose value the issuer (state) guarantees to pay with gold. The gold standard is perceived as a principle of coverage o ...
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... THE IMF  International Monetary Fund  Cooperative organization trying to provide financial stability Helps the expansion of international trade  Promotes high levels of employment  Promotes exchange stability  Maintains orderly exchange arrangements among members  Allows for easier repayments ...
  SECTION 8: Open Economy: International Trade & Finance  Need to Know The  , consists of international transactions that don’t create liabilities.  
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... There are two main kinds of exchange rate regimes:    A country has a Fixed Exchange Rate when the government keeps the exchange rate against some  other currency at or near a particular target. For example, Hong Kong has an official policy of setting  an exchange rate of HK$7.80 per US$1.   o This ...
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... exchange. The government would determine what types of goods could be imported and how much to pay exporters. Exchange controls also involved multiple exchange rates, government licenses to export and import, and even officially conducted barter trade. They deviated from the principles of economic ...
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...  A rise in U.S. interest rates relative to those abroad will increase demand for U.S. assets.  The demand for dollars will increase.  The supply of dollars will decrease as fewer Americans sell their dollars to buy foreign assets. ...
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... interest rates o nation with deficit sees decrease in money supply leading to higher interest rates o interest rate differential leads to flow of investment capital from surplus nation to deficit nation o facilitates balance of payments equilibrium ...
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Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australasia and Japan in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well.Preparing to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference. The delegates deliberated during 1–22 July 1944, and signed the Bretton Woods agreement on its final day. Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, these accords established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group. The United States, which controlled two thirds of the world's gold, insisted that the Bretton Woods system rest on both gold and the US dollar. Soviet representatives attended the conference but later declined to ratify the final agreements, charging that the institutions they had created were ""branches of Wall Street."" These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement.On 15 August 1971, the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Woods system to an end and rendering the dollar a fiat currency. This action, referred to as the Nixon shock, created the situation in which the United States dollar became a reserve currency used by many states. At the same time, many fixed currencies (such as the pound sterling, for example), also became free-floating.
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