contents list of acronyms
... Bank estimated in 1996 that 30% of the population classified as poor used to enjoy a middle -class lifestyle. This group is now referred to as the "new poor" (Minujín and Kessler 1995). It is these well-educated Argentines with considerable entrepreneurial assets who formed the critical mass of RT ...
... Bank estimated in 1996 that 30% of the population classified as poor used to enjoy a middle -class lifestyle. This group is now referred to as the "new poor" (Minujín and Kessler 1995). It is these well-educated Argentines with considerable entrepreneurial assets who formed the critical mass of RT ...
Trust, Social Networks and the Informal Economy: A Comparative
... society (Simmel 1964: 318). Trust can be defined as the real or effective psychosocial distance between individuals. It is associated with social closeness in the sense of sharing the same categories of expected rights and duties, plus shared values and interests. An individual feels confidence in a ...
... society (Simmel 1964: 318). Trust can be defined as the real or effective psychosocial distance between individuals. It is associated with social closeness in the sense of sharing the same categories of expected rights and duties, plus shared values and interests. An individual feels confidence in a ...
Efficient Redistribution: New Rules for Markets
... of scarcity and thereby promising to improve living standards on the average. Land redistribution, social insurance, egalitarian wage policies, central planning, and human investment expenditures have all been attractive when they promised to link the redistribution of economic reward to enhancing t ...
... of scarcity and thereby promising to improve living standards on the average. Land redistribution, social insurance, egalitarian wage policies, central planning, and human investment expenditures have all been attractive when they promised to link the redistribution of economic reward to enhancing t ...
BIG BUSINESS, THE STATE, AND FREE TRADE IN MEXICO
... Business plays a critical role in economic policy making. Important advances have been made in our understanding of the influence of the private sector on macroeconomic and financial policy making, but we lack a similar theory of business participation in trade policy making. Traditional economic an ...
... Business plays a critical role in economic policy making. Important advances have been made in our understanding of the influence of the private sector on macroeconomic and financial policy making, but we lack a similar theory of business participation in trade policy making. Traditional economic an ...
Welfare States in Developing Countries: Unique or Universal? Nita
... international financial institutions, and generalized policy prescriptions lose persuasion in favor of ‘wait and see’. The opposite occurs if IPE scholars are correct and convergence exists, suggesting that domestic structures and processes are meaningless, and policy responds primarily to internat ...
... international financial institutions, and generalized policy prescriptions lose persuasion in favor of ‘wait and see’. The opposite occurs if IPE scholars are correct and convergence exists, suggesting that domestic structures and processes are meaningless, and policy responds primarily to internat ...
Anti `Social Capital`: Civic Values versus Economic Equality in the EU
... Thus one is offered a logically consistent model in which certain measures relating to EU countries are strongly associated. However, returning to the issue of causality, is it plausible that the primary force in the relationship of these variables should be social capital, the density of social net ...
... Thus one is offered a logically consistent model in which certain measures relating to EU countries are strongly associated. However, returning to the issue of causality, is it plausible that the primary force in the relationship of these variables should be social capital, the density of social net ...
maximum mark: 90
... AO1 / AO2 – Candidates might consider the issue of whether ‘war became of itself an affair of the people’. There were great changes in the size of Napoleon’s armies, the scale of his operations and the nature of his objectives, while, on the other hand, tactics and techniques did not change a great ...
... AO1 / AO2 – Candidates might consider the issue of whether ‘war became of itself an affair of the people’. There were great changes in the size of Napoleon’s armies, the scale of his operations and the nature of his objectives, while, on the other hand, tactics and techniques did not change a great ...
Partisan Politics and Stock Market Performance:
... platforms when holding office, left-leaning parties will not only try to reduce unemployment in the pre-election period, because their voter base benefits more from low unemployment than from low inflation. Moreover, different parties will permanently pursue policy goals in accordance with their ide ...
... platforms when holding office, left-leaning parties will not only try to reduce unemployment in the pre-election period, because their voter base benefits more from low unemployment than from low inflation. Moreover, different parties will permanently pursue policy goals in accordance with their ide ...
Macroeconomic Dilemmas and Response Strategies
... technology products and short-term projects. Informal business policy changed as ...
... technology products and short-term projects. Informal business policy changed as ...
research paper series Research Paper 2010/18
... in that sector a skilled worker needs to be matched with an entrepreneur. There are two type of agents, workers and entrepreneurs. Both populations are heterogeneous. Workers are distinguished by their potential ability as skilled workers and entrepreneurs by their potential ability to manage a fir ...
... in that sector a skilled worker needs to be matched with an entrepreneur. There are two type of agents, workers and entrepreneurs. Both populations are heterogeneous. Workers are distinguished by their potential ability as skilled workers and entrepreneurs by their potential ability to manage a fir ...
Economy and Trade Impact Defense
... Second, the prospects for resource wars are diminished by the growing difficulty that states face in obtaining resources through territorial conquest. Although the invention of nuclear explosives has made it easy and cheap to annihilate humans and infrastructure in extensive areas, the spread of con ...
... Second, the prospects for resource wars are diminished by the growing difficulty that states face in obtaining resources through territorial conquest. Although the invention of nuclear explosives has made it easy and cheap to annihilate humans and infrastructure in extensive areas, the spread of con ...
Introduction - GeocitiesSites.com
... between Great Britain, and USA when New England states of USA effectively did not wage war against Great Britain, and vice versa). Moreover, democratic countries are often in one alliance during the war that are great threat to one of them. Machiavellian politic tricks are effective in populisti ...
... between Great Britain, and USA when New England states of USA effectively did not wage war against Great Britain, and vice versa). Moreover, democratic countries are often in one alliance during the war that are great threat to one of them. Machiavellian politic tricks are effective in populisti ...
Barriers in the adoption of a market orientation by
... NPOs (as measured by size of workforce) acknowledged that they had the resources necessary to gather essential market research, including research related to understanding the needs of their business donors. For example, Case 3 this organisation had undertaken research that allowed them to recognise ...
... NPOs (as measured by size of workforce) acknowledged that they had the resources necessary to gather essential market research, including research related to understanding the needs of their business donors. For example, Case 3 this organisation had undertaken research that allowed them to recognise ...
The Impact of Trade Finance on Expernal Trade: African Experience
... barriers for international businesses to go to many markets in subSaharan African region. It must be mentioned, however, that the majority of the countries in the region initiated reforms in these poorly defined spheres in the late 1990s and the reformation process is still ongoing for many of those ...
... barriers for international businesses to go to many markets in subSaharan African region. It must be mentioned, however, that the majority of the countries in the region initiated reforms in these poorly defined spheres in the late 1990s and the reformation process is still ongoing for many of those ...
Understanding Economic Policy Reform
... mist’s perspective on the political economy of policy reform. I begin by examining the origins and analytical content of the new orthodoxy in development policy (Section II). I will focus here on two issues in particular which I feel remain in need of clarification. One of these concerns the distinc ...
... mist’s perspective on the political economy of policy reform. I begin by examining the origins and analytical content of the new orthodoxy in development policy (Section II). I will focus here on two issues in particular which I feel remain in need of clarification. One of these concerns the distinc ...
Does a strong state create a welfare state?
... mainly consists of government investments, the share of which has decreased, and a growing share of public transfers. Unfortunately they cannot be shown separately because of lacking comparable statistical data. However, some comments will be given below. At the end of the 19th century roughly 40 pe ...
... mainly consists of government investments, the share of which has decreased, and a growing share of public transfers. Unfortunately they cannot be shown separately because of lacking comparable statistical data. However, some comments will be given below. At the end of the 19th century roughly 40 pe ...
working paper 291
... respect, that is, the treatment of externalities and imperfect competition, has fundamentally remained the same. 3 These instances of market failure call for state intervention, but strictly in the form of devising a suitable incentive structure (taxes/subsidies) and a regulatory framework. Direct s ...
... respect, that is, the treatment of externalities and imperfect competition, has fundamentally remained the same. 3 These instances of market failure call for state intervention, but strictly in the form of devising a suitable incentive structure (taxes/subsidies) and a regulatory framework. Direct s ...
Neo-Jacobian Exceptionalism as a Justification for American Global
... of God and the things of CaesarY To assume identity between the worldly objectives of politicians and the religious goals of the Church is inappropriate and potentially dangerous. This does not mean that Christianity has seen no role for religion in politics, but that no particular political leader, ...
... of God and the things of CaesarY To assume identity between the worldly objectives of politicians and the religious goals of the Church is inappropriate and potentially dangerous. This does not mean that Christianity has seen no role for religion in politics, but that no particular political leader, ...
AP American History
... c. The space race d. Immigration patterns 50. Explain how the Cold War and related conflicts influenced United States foreign policy after 1945 with emphasis on: a. The Marshall Plan b. Communist containment, including the Truman Doctrine, Berlin Blockade and Cuban Missile Crisis c. The Korean War a ...
... c. The space race d. Immigration patterns 50. Explain how the Cold War and related conflicts influenced United States foreign policy after 1945 with emphasis on: a. The Marshall Plan b. Communist containment, including the Truman Doctrine, Berlin Blockade and Cuban Missile Crisis c. The Korean War a ...
ge11 Riezman 15002749 en
... sector a skilled worker needs to be matched with an entrepreneur. Initially, there are two type of agents, workers and entrepreneurs. Both populations are heterogeneous. Workers are distinguished by their potential ability as skilled workers and entrepreneurs by their potential ability to manage a ...
... sector a skilled worker needs to be matched with an entrepreneur. Initially, there are two type of agents, workers and entrepreneurs. Both populations are heterogeneous. Workers are distinguished by their potential ability as skilled workers and entrepreneurs by their potential ability to manage a ...
the world`s most repressive regimes
... civil liberties. Within them, state control over daily life is pervasive and intrusive, independent organizations and political opposition are banned or suppressed, and fear of retribution is rooted in reality. In the case of Chechnya, the rating reflects the condition of a vicious conflict that has ...
... civil liberties. Within them, state control over daily life is pervasive and intrusive, independent organizations and political opposition are banned or suppressed, and fear of retribution is rooted in reality. In the case of Chechnya, the rating reflects the condition of a vicious conflict that has ...
Economic Policy for Sustainable Development vs. Greedy Growth
... performance indices of the three objectives. Moreover, in order for a strategy to be in the central section where all three circles intersect, the authors articulate minimum satisfactory performance levels for each. Three objectives, three performance indicators, and three constraints! Given that th ...
... performance indices of the three objectives. Moreover, in order for a strategy to be in the central section where all three circles intersect, the authors articulate minimum satisfactory performance levels for each. Three objectives, three performance indicators, and three constraints! Given that th ...
The Global 1989
... and the end of the Cold War, a moment generally recognied as a triumph for liberal democracy and when capitalism became global. The Global 1989 challenges these ideas. An international group of prominent scholars investigate the mixed, paradoxical and even contradictory outcomes engendered by these ...
... and the end of the Cold War, a moment generally recognied as a triumph for liberal democracy and when capitalism became global. The Global 1989 challenges these ideas. An international group of prominent scholars investigate the mixed, paradoxical and even contradictory outcomes engendered by these ...
Technology Transfer: Positive and Negative Effects
... investment markets for public/private sector-stock market capital; consumer/installment credit for individuals and business ...
... investment markets for public/private sector-stock market capital; consumer/installment credit for individuals and business ...
Embedded liberalism
Embedded liberalism is a term for the global economic system and the associated international political orientation as it existed from the end of World War II to the 1970s. The system was set up to support a combination of free trade with the freedom for states to enhance their provision of welfare and to regulate their economies to reduce unemployment. The term was first used by the American political scientist John Ruggie in 1982.Mainstream scholars generally describe embedded liberalism as involving a compromise between two desirable but partially conflicting objectives. The first objective was to revive free trade. Before World War I, international trade formed a large portion of global GDP, but the classical liberal order which supported it had been damaged by war and by the Great Depression of the 1930s. The second objective was to allow national governments the freedom to provide generous welfare programmes and to intervene in their economies to maintain full employment. This second objective was considered to be incompatible with a full return to the free market system as it had existed in the late 19th century—mainly because with a free market in international capital, investors could easily withdraw money from nations that tried to implement interventionist and redistributive policies.The resulting compromise was embodied in the Bretton Woods system, which was launched at the end of World War II. The system was liberal in that it aimed to set up an open system of international trade in goods and services, facilitated by semi fixed exchange rates. Yet it also aimed to ""embed"" market forces into a framework where they could be regulated by national governments, with states able to control international capital flows by means of capital controls. New global multilateral institutions were created to support the new framework, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.When Ruggie coined the phrase embedded liberalism, he was building on earlier work by Karl Polanyi, who had introduced the concept of markets becoming ""dis-embedded"" from society during the 19th century. Polanyi went on to propose that the ""re-embedding"" of markets would be a central task for the architects of the post war world order, and this was largely enacted as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference. In the 1950s and 1960s, the global economy prospered under embedded liberalism, with growth more rapid than before or since. Yet the system was to break down in the 1970s.