Unit 12 Math and Moles
... problems, one must remember the proportions the original substances are in. One can determine how many grams of a reactant are needed to produce a set volume by using the following rules: ...
... problems, one must remember the proportions the original substances are in. One can determine how many grams of a reactant are needed to produce a set volume by using the following rules: ...
microscopy and staining
... Phase-contrast microscopy was invented in 1936 by Frits Zernike, a Dutch mathematical physicist. It is based on the principle that cells differ in refractive index (a factor by which light is slowed as it passes through a material) from their surroundings. Light passing through a cell thus differs i ...
... Phase-contrast microscopy was invented in 1936 by Frits Zernike, a Dutch mathematical physicist. It is based on the principle that cells differ in refractive index (a factor by which light is slowed as it passes through a material) from their surroundings. Light passing through a cell thus differs i ...
Chapter 3
... Molar Mass • Use Factor-Label method to convert g <-> mole • Question: How many moles in 46.0 g water • Question: How many g in 0.76 moles of NaCl? • Question: How many molecules in 100.0 g water? ...
... Molar Mass • Use Factor-Label method to convert g <-> mole • Question: How many moles in 46.0 g water • Question: How many g in 0.76 moles of NaCl? • Question: How many molecules in 100.0 g water? ...
Molecular diffusion at surfaces
... structure expand 0.47 A to a distance of 1.91 A. The two Fe atoms close to C at corners of the square move 0.18 A away to a distance of 2.09 A and the other two Fe atoms at corners of the other side also relax 0.12 A away. The four Fe atom surrounding the two Fe atoms at the apexes move 0.18 A. The ...
... structure expand 0.47 A to a distance of 1.91 A. The two Fe atoms close to C at corners of the square move 0.18 A away to a distance of 2.09 A and the other two Fe atoms at corners of the other side also relax 0.12 A away. The four Fe atom surrounding the two Fe atoms at the apexes move 0.18 A. The ...
preprint version PDF - Emory Physics Department
... conventional “snapshot” camera or a CCD video camera. The latter is now more common, and well-suited for studying samples which move or change. The output of the CCD video camera is usually attached to a frame grabber card in a computer, so that data is saved digitally, although a conventional VCR ...
... conventional “snapshot” camera or a CCD video camera. The latter is now more common, and well-suited for studying samples which move or change. The output of the CCD video camera is usually attached to a frame grabber card in a computer, so that data is saved digitally, although a conventional VCR ...
Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy directly quantifies optical
... for the number of measured speckles. If coherent detection is used (as in this work), β 1. The extension of DLS to the multiple scattering regime [10,12–16], diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) [13], was first demonstrated for the analysis of colloids, and similar methods have been applied to study ...
... for the number of measured speckles. If coherent detection is used (as in this work), β 1. The extension of DLS to the multiple scattering regime [10,12–16], diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) [13], was first demonstrated for the analysis of colloids, and similar methods have been applied to study ...
ppt file - University of Utah Physics
... provide reliable information for future fluorescencebased UHECR experiments. ...
... provide reliable information for future fluorescencebased UHECR experiments. ...
Size Estimation of Protein Clusters in the Nanometer Range by
... microscopy and scanning near field microscopy permit size measurements of biological nanostructures on the surface with high spatial resolution, analysis of structures inside the cell would be only possible with far field light microscopy. Until recently, the far field light optical measurements wer ...
... microscopy and scanning near field microscopy permit size measurements of biological nanostructures on the surface with high spatial resolution, analysis of structures inside the cell would be only possible with far field light microscopy. Until recently, the far field light optical measurements wer ...
High-speed addressable confocal microscopy for functional imaging
... fractional fluorescence changes,5–7 the total number of collectable emission photons corresponding to the signal of interest is limited. Thus, a decrease in the dwell time directly leads to poorer photon collection and results in degradation to the achievable signal-to-noise ratio. Another way to in ...
... fractional fluorescence changes,5–7 the total number of collectable emission photons corresponding to the signal of interest is limited. Thus, a decrease in the dwell time directly leads to poorer photon collection and results in degradation to the achievable signal-to-noise ratio. Another way to in ...
High resolution spectral self-interference fluorescence microscopy
... limit. But because of diffraction, standard light microscopes are not able to discern two objects closer together than about 200 nm in the focal plane. In the direction perpendicular to the focal plane, the resolution is worse, about 600 nm. There is an impressive body of work under way where the op ...
... limit. But because of diffraction, standard light microscopes are not able to discern two objects closer together than about 200 nm in the focal plane. In the direction perpendicular to the focal plane, the resolution is worse, about 600 nm. There is an impressive body of work under way where the op ...
The Future is Noisy: The Role of Spatial Fluctuations
... that the cell volume is large in comparison to both the size of the messenger molecules involved and the van der Waals (vdW) interaction radius around the operator sites on the DNA. If one divides the cell volume into compartments of the size of this vdW radius, the occupation of individual compartm ...
... that the cell volume is large in comparison to both the size of the messenger molecules involved and the van der Waals (vdW) interaction radius around the operator sites on the DNA. If one divides the cell volume into compartments of the size of this vdW radius, the occupation of individual compartm ...
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[pdf]
... Estimations of ratios j /l made by using the experimental and simulation values of characteristic lengths of depolarization presented in Ref. 18 [this parameter had been introduced for characterization of the depolarization properties of scattering media in the case of slab geometry and is equal to ...
... Estimations of ratios j /l made by using the experimental and simulation values of characteristic lengths of depolarization presented in Ref. 18 [this parameter had been introduced for characterization of the depolarization properties of scattering media in the case of slab geometry and is equal to ...
A study of the effects of electromagnetic fields on the growth and
... exposing a leaf to light of defined wavelength and measuring the amount of light re‐emitted at longer wavelengths. It is important to note, however, that this measurement can only be relative, since light is inevitably lost. Hence, all analysis must include some form of normalisation, with a wide va ...
... exposing a leaf to light of defined wavelength and measuring the amount of light re‐emitted at longer wavelengths. It is important to note, however, that this measurement can only be relative, since light is inevitably lost. Hence, all analysis must include some form of normalisation, with a wide va ...
Biology 177: Principles of Modern Microscopy
... or single protein trafficking in cells • Can get dramatic increase in signal-tonoise ratio from thin excitation region • Microsphere example ...
... or single protein trafficking in cells • Can get dramatic increase in signal-tonoise ratio from thin excitation region • Microsphere example ...
Luminescence spectroscopy
... INC: (An example of this process is the quinine sulfate fluorescence, which can be quenched by the use of various halide salts. The excited molecule can deexcite by increasing the thermal energy of the surrounding solvated ions.) In cases where transitions occur to the first excited state, vibratio ...
... INC: (An example of this process is the quinine sulfate fluorescence, which can be quenched by the use of various halide salts. The excited molecule can deexcite by increasing the thermal energy of the surrounding solvated ions.) In cases where transitions occur to the first excited state, vibratio ...
Low-coherence heterodyne photon correlation spectroscopy
... without dilution. More recently diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) has been introduced as a technique to study dynamics of colloidal particles in dense random media where multiple scattering dominates. DWS allows useful information about particle dynamics to be extracted from samples where ...
... without dilution. More recently diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) has been introduced as a technique to study dynamics of colloidal particles in dense random media where multiple scattering dominates. DWS allows useful information about particle dynamics to be extracted from samples where ...
Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1.0 Emission – the mirror image
... B. Sequence of reactions leading to the formation of the fluorophore. GFP is useful in scientific research, because it allows us to look directly into the inner workings of cells. It is easy to see where GFP is at any given time: you just have to shine UV light, and any GFP will glow bright green. S ...
... B. Sequence of reactions leading to the formation of the fluorophore. GFP is useful in scientific research, because it allows us to look directly into the inner workings of cells. It is easy to see where GFP is at any given time: you just have to shine UV light, and any GFP will glow bright green. S ...
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003 Beta - poster#2
... concentration giving rise to a measurable signal that is three standard deviations above the background signal. In this paper, we are going to use the terminology of a modern digital communication system to define the sensitivity in a more quantitative measure. The reliability of a digital communica ...
... concentration giving rise to a measurable signal that is three standard deviations above the background signal. In this paper, we are going to use the terminology of a modern digital communication system to define the sensitivity in a more quantitative measure. The reliability of a digital communica ...
Development of a Total Internal Reflection Illumination System for
... Many cell surface receptors consist of multiple subunits that non-‐covalently associate to form a complete receptor. The integrin receptor is one such example. It is hypothesized that a drug (Thioridazine) ...
... Many cell surface receptors consist of multiple subunits that non-‐covalently associate to form a complete receptor. The integrin receptor is one such example. It is hypothesized that a drug (Thioridazine) ...
Lecture 8 Laminar Diffusion Flames: Diffusion Flamelet Theory
... All other terms containing spatial derivatives can be neglected to leading order. This is equivalent to the assumption that the temperature derivatives normal to the flame surface are much larger than those in tangential direction. ...
... All other terms containing spatial derivatives can be neglected to leading order. This is equivalent to the assumption that the temperature derivatives normal to the flame surface are much larger than those in tangential direction. ...
Molar Mass - Science With Horne
... for measuring the amount of a substance. The definition of a mole comes from how many particles (atoms, in this case) there is in exactly 12 grams of Carbon-12. Through many years of experimentation, it has been confirmed that a mole of any substance has 6.022*1023 representative particles ...
... for measuring the amount of a substance. The definition of a mole comes from how many particles (atoms, in this case) there is in exactly 12 grams of Carbon-12. Through many years of experimentation, it has been confirmed that a mole of any substance has 6.022*1023 representative particles ...
amperometric titrations - Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology
... titrated against SO4-2 ion. A precipitate of PbSO4 is formed. The titration can be performed at fixed potential -0.8 Volt v/s saturated calomel electrode. As titration is proceeds concentration of Pb+2 ion decreases and diffusion current also decreases till it becomes minimum at equivalence point. T ...
... titrated against SO4-2 ion. A precipitate of PbSO4 is formed. The titration can be performed at fixed potential -0.8 Volt v/s saturated calomel electrode. As titration is proceeds concentration of Pb+2 ion decreases and diffusion current also decreases till it becomes minimum at equivalence point. T ...
Investigations of Random Molecular Motions by NMR
... An experimental demonstration of the identity of spin relaxation is also time-dependent and its irreversible character has some analogy in the correlation functions for individual particles can be given by an electronic device, called the correlator. mechanism of random motions. In this case, the ra ...
... An experimental demonstration of the identity of spin relaxation is also time-dependent and its irreversible character has some analogy in the correlation functions for individual particles can be given by an electronic device, called the correlator. mechanism of random motions. In this case, the ra ...
4Pi Microscopy
... The potential of these three lobe-suppression techniques was already recognized in the early stages of 4Pi microscopy (Hell and Stelzer, 1992a, 1992b). In fact, the use of 2PE together with confocal detection has been the method of choice ever since. The third technique is more difficult to realize. ...
... The potential of these three lobe-suppression techniques was already recognized in the early stages of 4Pi microscopy (Hell and Stelzer, 1992a, 1992b). In fact, the use of 2PE together with confocal detection has been the method of choice ever since. The third technique is more difficult to realize. ...
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a correlation analysis of fluctuation of the fluorescence intensity. The analysis provides parameters of the physics under the fluctuations. One of the interesting applications of this is an analysis of the concentration fluctuations of fluorescent particles (molecules) in solution. In this application, the fluorescence emitted from a very tiny space in solution containing a small number of fluorescent particles (molecules) is observed. The fluorescence intensity is fluctuating due to Brownian motion of the particles. In other words, the number of the particles in the sub-space defined by the optical system is randomly changing around the average number. The analysis gives the average number of fluorescent particles and average diffusion time, when the particle is passing through the space. Eventually, both the concentration and size of the particle (molecule) are determined. Both parameters are important in biochemical research, biophysics, and chemistry.FCS is such a sensitive analytical tool because it observes a small number of molecules (nanomolar to picomolar concentrations) in a small volume (~1μm3). In contrast to other methods (such as HPLC analysis) FCS has no physical separation process; instead, it achieves its spatial resolution through its optics. Furthermore, FCS enables observation of fluorescence-tagged molecules in the biochemical pathway in intact living cells. This opens a new area, ""in situ or in vivo biochemistry"": tracing the biochemical pathway in intact cells and organs.Commonly, FCS is employed in the context of optical microscopy, in particular Confocal microscopy or two-photon excitation microscopy. In these techniques light is focused on a sample and the measured fluorescence intensity fluctuations (due to diffusion, physical or chemical reactions, aggregation, etc.) are analyzed using the temporal autocorrelation. Because the measured property is essentially related to the magnitude and/or the amount of fluctuations, there is an optimum measurement regime at the level when individual species enter or exit the observation volume (or turn on and off in the volume). When too many entities are measured at the same time the overall fluctuations are small in comparison to the total signal and may not be resolvable – in the other direction, if the individual fluctuation-events are too sparse in time, one measurement may take prohibitively too long. FCS is in a way the fluorescent counterpart to dynamic light scattering, which uses coherent light scattering, instead of (incoherent) fluorescence.When an appropriate model is known, FCS can be used to obtain quantitative information such as diffusion coefficients hydrodynamic radii average concentrations kinetic chemical reaction rates singlet-triplet dynamicsBecause fluorescent markers come in a variety of colors and can be specifically bound to a particular molecule (e.g. proteins, polymers, metal-complexes, etc.), it is possible to study the behavior of individual molecules (in rapid succession in composite solutions). With the development of sensitive detectors such as avalanche photodiodes the detection of the fluorescence signal coming from individual molecules in highly dilute samples has become practical. With this emerged the possibility to conduct FCS experiments in a wide variety of specimens, ranging from materials science to biology. The advent of engineered cells with genetically tagged proteins (like green fluorescent protein) has made FCS a common tool for studying molecular dynamics in living cells.