Table of Contents - Free Coursework for GCSE, IGCSE, A Level, IB
... When energy is applied to specific (individual) elements they emit a spectrum which only contains emissions of particular s. A line spectrum is not continuous. Each element has its own characteristic line spectrum. Hydrogen spectrum- it consists of discrete lines that converge towards the high ene ...
... When energy is applied to specific (individual) elements they emit a spectrum which only contains emissions of particular s. A line spectrum is not continuous. Each element has its own characteristic line spectrum. Hydrogen spectrum- it consists of discrete lines that converge towards the high ene ...
Atomic Theory
... When energy is applied to specific (individual) elements they emit a spectrum which only contains emissions of particular s. A line spectrum is not continuous. Each element has its own characteristic line spectrum. Hydrogen spectrum- it consists of discrete lines that converge towards the high ene ...
... When energy is applied to specific (individual) elements they emit a spectrum which only contains emissions of particular s. A line spectrum is not continuous. Each element has its own characteristic line spectrum. Hydrogen spectrum- it consists of discrete lines that converge towards the high ene ...
Development of Novel Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions using
... Metal enolates of carbonyl compounds are highly versatile nucleophilic reagents that can be used in reactions with various electrophilic agents. They are regarded as essential synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry. 1 Conventionally, two main approaches have been directed to develop asymmetric ...
... Metal enolates of carbonyl compounds are highly versatile nucleophilic reagents that can be used in reactions with various electrophilic agents. They are regarded as essential synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry. 1 Conventionally, two main approaches have been directed to develop asymmetric ...
Prescribed Practicals
... yellow. This means that a solution with pH ≤ 3.1 will be red and pH ≥ 4.4 will be yellow. However, if the pH of the solution is between 3.1 and 4.4, the solution will appear orange. This is known as its transition colour. ...
... yellow. This means that a solution with pH ≤ 3.1 will be red and pH ≥ 4.4 will be yellow. However, if the pH of the solution is between 3.1 and 4.4, the solution will appear orange. This is known as its transition colour. ...
Thermochemistry
... Thermodynamics is the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of energy. State functions are properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved. energy, pressure, volume, temperature ...
... Thermodynamics is the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of energy. State functions are properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved. energy, pressure, volume, temperature ...
Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
... Indicators of a Chemical Reaction – evidence of a chemical reaction a. Evolution of heat and light (simultaneously) b. Production of a gas (bubbles, odor change) c. Formation of a precipitate (solid, cloudy) d. Color change (not introduced by an outside source such as dye or ink) Characteristics of ...
... Indicators of a Chemical Reaction – evidence of a chemical reaction a. Evolution of heat and light (simultaneously) b. Production of a gas (bubbles, odor change) c. Formation of a precipitate (solid, cloudy) d. Color change (not introduced by an outside source such as dye or ink) Characteristics of ...
Chapter 6 - Foothill College
... CH4(g) + 2O2(g) —> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆Hrxn = –890 kJ For the above reaction the value of ∆Hsys represents the difference in chemical potential energy between the products (final state) and the reactants (initial state) ∆Hsys = H(products) - H(reactants) So if ∆Hsys is a difference in potential energ ...
... CH4(g) + 2O2(g) —> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆Hrxn = –890 kJ For the above reaction the value of ∆Hsys represents the difference in chemical potential energy between the products (final state) and the reactants (initial state) ∆Hsys = H(products) - H(reactants) So if ∆Hsys is a difference in potential energ ...
Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998
... be possible to minimize the energy of the system with respect to variations in the geometrical parameters. In order to do that, one needs not only the energy itself for a given geometry, but also the energy derivatives, at least the gradient, but preferably also the second derivatives, the Hessian. ...
... be possible to minimize the energy of the system with respect to variations in the geometrical parameters. In order to do that, one needs not only the energy itself for a given geometry, but also the energy derivatives, at least the gradient, but preferably also the second derivatives, the Hessian. ...
Chapter 10
... Predicting Products of Synthesis Reactions For Synthesis Reactions For metals that only form one cation, determine the charge on the ion of each element (metallic and nonmetallic) and form a compound from the two ions. If one of the elements forms more than one cation or 2 nonmetals are combined ...
... Predicting Products of Synthesis Reactions For Synthesis Reactions For metals that only form one cation, determine the charge on the ion of each element (metallic and nonmetallic) and form a compound from the two ions. If one of the elements forms more than one cation or 2 nonmetals are combined ...
O 2 (g) - Valdosta State University
... • Dissolving NH4NO3 in water: DH = +25.7 KJ/mol • Expansion of a gas into a vacuum: energy neutral, heat is neither evolved nor required. • Phase changes: melting of ice requires ~ 6 kJ/mol; but only occurs if T > 0oC. – ______________ determines whether a process is ...
... • Dissolving NH4NO3 in water: DH = +25.7 KJ/mol • Expansion of a gas into a vacuum: energy neutral, heat is neither evolved nor required. • Phase changes: melting of ice requires ~ 6 kJ/mol; but only occurs if T > 0oC. – ______________ determines whether a process is ...
Inorganic Chemistry 412 / 512
... Ti(III) is a reducing agent, and can reduce water to H2. Ti is an early transition metal, the effective nuclear charge is relatively low. Cu is late TM (right-hand side of the d-block), and has a much greater Zeff. It therefore is more diffucult to oxidize, and Cu(III) is an oxidizing agent, capable ...
... Ti(III) is a reducing agent, and can reduce water to H2. Ti is an early transition metal, the effective nuclear charge is relatively low. Cu is late TM (right-hand side of the d-block), and has a much greater Zeff. It therefore is more diffucult to oxidize, and Cu(III) is an oxidizing agent, capable ...
2 Chemical equilibrium occurs when a reaction and its reverse
... The ratio of [NO2]2 to [N2O4] remains constant (within error) at this temperature no matter what the initial concentrations of NO2 and N2O4 are. ...
... The ratio of [NO2]2 to [N2O4] remains constant (within error) at this temperature no matter what the initial concentrations of NO2 and N2O4 are. ...
chem10chp7spr08
... Predict the product – has already been given, but we’ll learn how to do this later Write the correct chemical formulas – keep working on this __Al(s) + __Cl2(g) __AlCl3(s) Not mass balanced Balance equation using the correct stoich coefficients 1 Al & 2 Cl 1 Al & 3 Cl 2 Cl vs. 3 Cl: Find least c ...
... Predict the product – has already been given, but we’ll learn how to do this later Write the correct chemical formulas – keep working on this __Al(s) + __Cl2(g) __AlCl3(s) Not mass balanced Balance equation using the correct stoich coefficients 1 Al & 2 Cl 1 Al & 3 Cl 2 Cl vs. 3 Cl: Find least c ...
6.1. Define and calculate kinetic and potential energy.
... Allows one to calculate ∆Hrxn for an unknown reaction from known reactions. Uses the properties of multiplication (1), reversing reactions (2), and the additive propetries of reactions (3) ...
... Allows one to calculate ∆Hrxn for an unknown reaction from known reactions. Uses the properties of multiplication (1), reversing reactions (2), and the additive propetries of reactions (3) ...
CH 13
... when the temp increases from 15 to 25°C. a) Calc. The activation energy, Ea b) Calc. the rate constant at 100°C, taking k at 25°C to be 1.2 x 10-2 L/mol s ...
... when the temp increases from 15 to 25°C. a) Calc. The activation energy, Ea b) Calc. the rate constant at 100°C, taking k at 25°C to be 1.2 x 10-2 L/mol s ...
Chapter 8
... 1. Some oxy-acids, when heated, decompose to form water and the nonmetal oxide. Example: Sulfuric acid is heated Example: Nitric acid is heated 2. Some metallic hydroxides (bases), when heated, decompose to form the metal oxide and water. Example: Sodium hydroxide is heated Example: Calcium hydroxid ...
... 1. Some oxy-acids, when heated, decompose to form water and the nonmetal oxide. Example: Sulfuric acid is heated Example: Nitric acid is heated 2. Some metallic hydroxides (bases), when heated, decompose to form the metal oxide and water. Example: Sodium hydroxide is heated Example: Calcium hydroxid ...
Document
... In order to compare the enthalpies of different reactions, it is necessary to define a set of conditions called the standard state. The standard state of a substance is its pure form at atmospheric pressure of 1 atm and the temperature of interest (usually 298 K). The most stable form of an element ...
... In order to compare the enthalpies of different reactions, it is necessary to define a set of conditions called the standard state. The standard state of a substance is its pure form at atmospheric pressure of 1 atm and the temperature of interest (usually 298 K). The most stable form of an element ...
Thermochemistry
... Standard Enthalpies of Formation ∆Hfo values can be used to calculate the standard enthalpy changes for many reactions. In an application of Hess’s Law, it is as if the reactants are decomposed into their elements, and then the elements are recombined into the desired products. Since enthalpies of ...
... Standard Enthalpies of Formation ∆Hfo values can be used to calculate the standard enthalpy changes for many reactions. In an application of Hess’s Law, it is as if the reactants are decomposed into their elements, and then the elements are recombined into the desired products. Since enthalpies of ...
CHEMISTRY 123-07 Midterm #1 – Answer key October 14, 2010
... PART II: SHORT ANSWER (Each short answer question has a 1-point value!!) 31. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per volume of solution in liters. 32. Ions that contain atoms of more than one element are called polyatomic ions. 33. Proton donors are known as Brønsted acids. 34. A co ...
... PART II: SHORT ANSWER (Each short answer question has a 1-point value!!) 31. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per volume of solution in liters. 32. Ions that contain atoms of more than one element are called polyatomic ions. 33. Proton donors are known as Brønsted acids. 34. A co ...
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... fluids in ancient Egypt. In an experiment, you used 25 grams of CO2 with excess hydrogen gas to produce 15 grams of methanol. What is the percent yield? ...
... fluids in ancient Egypt. In an experiment, you used 25 grams of CO2 with excess hydrogen gas to produce 15 grams of methanol. What is the percent yield? ...
Bioorthogonal chemistry
The term bioorthogonal chemistry refers to any chemical reaction that can occur inside of living systems without interfering with native biochemical processes. The term was coined by Carolyn R. Bertozzi in 2003. Since its introduction, the concept of the bioorthogonal reaction has enabled the study of biomolecules such as glycans, proteins, and lipids in real time in living systems without cellular toxicity. A number of chemical ligation strategies have been developed that fulfill the requirements of bioorthogonality, including the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and cyclooctynes (also termed copper-free click chemistry), between nitrones and cyclooctynes, oxime/hydrazone formation from aldehydes and ketones, the tetrazine ligation, the isocyanide-based click reaction, and most recently, the quadricyclane ligation.The use of bioorthogonal chemistry typically proceeds in two steps. First, a cellular substrate is modified with a bioorthogonal functional group (chemical reporter) and introduced to the cell; substrates include metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, etc. The chemical reporter must not alter the structure of the substrate dramatically to avoid affecting its bioactivity. Secondly, a probe containing the complementary functional group is introduced to react and label the substrate.Although effective bioorthogonal reactions such as copper-free click chemistry have been developed, development of new reactions continues to generate orthogonal methods for labeling to allow multiple methods of labeling to be used in the same biosystems.