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Option Prices and the Cross Section of Equity Returns
Option Prices and the Cross Section of Equity Returns

... price and growth. Kilian versus Hamilton. • Hamilton: “Nine out of ten of the U.S. recessions  since World War II were preceded by a spike up in  the oil price” • Evidence of nonlinear relationships • Financialization of commodities in 2004‐2005. • Effects on the cross‐section of equity returns? ...
Greeks- Theory and Illustrations
Greeks- Theory and Illustrations

The convergence of binomial and trinomial option pricing models
The convergence of binomial and trinomial option pricing models

... methods. The most popular present-time models and procedures arose in 70’s of the last century and were built up on the famous Black and Scholes approach [2]. The original Black and Scholes model was intended to price a European call option on no-dividend paying stock with normally distributed retur ...
Binomial Trees
Binomial Trees

... One principle underlying two angles If you can replicate, you can hedge: Long the option contract, short the replicating portfolio. The replication portfolio is composed of stock and bond. Since bond only generates parallel shifts in payoff and does not play any role in offsetting/hedging risks, it ...
Black-Scholes Limitations - by Jan Röman
Black-Scholes Limitations - by Jan Röman

... Most companies pay dividends to their share holders, so this might seem a serious limitation to the model considering the observation that higher dividend yields elicit lower call premiums. A common way of adjusting the model for this situation is to subtract the discounted value of a future dividen ...
Institute of Actuaries of India May 2013 Examinations INDICATIVE SOLUTIONS
Institute of Actuaries of India May 2013 Examinations INDICATIVE SOLUTIONS

Real Options
Real Options

...  Investment timing is like a call option on a stock. It gives you the right to delay investment to see if market conditions are favorable.  Cash flows may all be discounted at the same rate (see earlier computer example). However, there is no possibility of losing money if you delay an investment ...
Project Interactions (Real Options)
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Financial Derivatives - William & Mary Mathematics
Financial Derivatives - William & Mary Mathematics

... risk in the underlying, by entering into a derivative contract whose value moves in the opposite direction to their underlying position and cancels part or all of it out. ...
The Greek Letters
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Institute of Actuaries of India  INDICATIVE SOLUTION
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... Portfolio insurance means that the portfolio does not fall below the floor because if it falls somebody will pay. Portfolio managers sometimes issue scheme guaranteeing a floor value for the portfolio and then to hedge the guarantee risk they need to buy a put option. Since derivative markets may no ...
EC372 Economics of Bond and Derivatives Markets Empirical
EC372 Economics of Bond and Derivatives Markets Empirical

... dates and exercise prices suggests that the assumption of constant volatility (i.e., constant σ ), is implausible. (The evidence is usually expressed in terms of volatility ‘smiles’ and ‘smirks’.) Assignment of values for the remaining arguments of the Black-Scholes formula3 – S, X, τ and r – is reg ...
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Chapters 15 Delta Hedging with Black-Scholes Model Joel R
Chapters 15 Delta Hedging with Black-Scholes Model Joel R

The logic of the option pricing theory is based on the following
The logic of the option pricing theory is based on the following

... binomial option pricing model. It was developed and published by John Cox, Stephen Ross and Mark Rubinstein (the model is also known as Cox/Ross/Rubinstein or simply CRR) in 1979. We will build that model. However, in order to do that some assumptions need to be made: - We’ll talk only for European- ...
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Question 1

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Mathematical Finance/Financial Engineering
Mathematical Finance/Financial Engineering

The Greek Letters - E
The Greek Letters - E

... Vega tends to be greatest for options that are close to the money (See Figure 17.11, page 366) ...
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18. Decision Tree and Microsoft Excel Approach for Option Pricing
18. Decision Tree and Microsoft Excel Approach for Option Pricing

... factor and d is down factor. The value of portfolio in the end of first period should be equal to the value of a call option. Therefore, HS(u)+(1+r)B=Max (S(u)-X,0) HS(d)+(1+r)B=Max (S(d)-X,0) The H can be calculated as H= [Max (u-X/S,0)- Max (d-X/S,0)]/(u-d) Based on the H shares of stock, the bond ...
The Nasdaq-100 Index Option - The New York Stock Exchange
The Nasdaq-100 Index Option - The New York Stock Exchange

Set 10 - Matt Will
Set 10 - Matt Will

...  Derivatives - Any financial instrument that is derived from another. (e.g.. options, warrants, futures, swaps, etc.)  Option - Gives the holder the right to buy or sell a security at a specified price during a specified period of time.  Call Option - The right to buy a security at a specified pr ...
Valuation of Asian Option
Valuation of Asian Option

... • It’s easy to see that, with the increase of the number of simulations, the length of confidence intervals become smaller and smaller, which means the results of simulations are more and more accurate. So we could obtain an option price very close to its real price. • In option 2, 3 and 4, we chan ...
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Black–Scholes model

The Black–Scholes /ˌblæk ˈʃoʊlz/ or Black–Scholes–Merton model is a mathematical model of a financial market containing derivative investment instruments. From the model, one can deduce the Black–Scholes formula, which gives a theoretical estimate of the price of European-style options. The formula led to a boom in options trading and legitimised scientifically the activities of the Chicago Board Options Exchange and other options markets around the world. lt is widely used, although often with adjustments and corrections, by options market participants. Many empirical tests have shown that the Black–Scholes price is ""fairly close"" to the observed prices, although there are well-known discrepancies such as the ""option smile"".The Black–Scholes model was first published by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in their 1973 paper, ""The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities"", published in the Journal of Political Economy. They derived a partial differential equation, now called the Black–Scholes equation, which estimates the price of the option over time. The key idea behind the model is to hedge the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in just the right way and, as a consequence, to eliminate risk. This type of hedging is called delta hedging and is the basis of more complicated hedging strategies such as those engaged in by investment banks and hedge funds.Robert C. Merton was the first to publish a paper expanding the mathematical understanding of the options pricing model, and coined the term ""Black–Scholes options pricing model"". Merton and Scholes received the 1997 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for their work. Though ineligible for the prize because of his death in 1995, Black was mentioned as a contributor by the Swedish Academy.The model's assumptions have been relaxed and generalized in many directions, leading to a plethora of models that are currently used in derivative pricing and risk management. It is the insights of the model, as exemplified in the Black-Scholes formula, that are frequently used by market participants, as distinguished from the actual prices. These insights include no-arbitrage bounds and risk-neutral pricing. The Black-Scholes equation, a partial differential equation that governs the price of the option, is also important as it enables pricing when an explicit formula is not possible.The Black–Scholes formula has only one parameter that cannot be observed in the market: the average future volatility of the underlying asset. Since the formula is increasing in this parameter, it can be inverted to produce a ""volatility surface"" that is then used to calibrate other models, e.g. for OTC derivatives.
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