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Hedging Barrier Options - Homepages of UvA/FNWI staff
Hedging Barrier Options - Homepages of UvA/FNWI staff

State-dependent fees for variable annuity guarantees
State-dependent fees for variable annuity guarantees

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... rates, volatilities appear to revert to the mean; high volatilities will eventually decrease, low ones will likely rise. Finally, volatility is often negatively correlated with stock or index level, and tends to stay high after large downward moves in the market. Given these tendencies, several uses ...
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... spot spreads in both the risk neutral and market measures. Third, we give the first latent multi-factor model of the spread term structure which is calibrated using standard state-space techniques, i.e. Kalman filtering. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives a brief review of price cointe ...
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Moneyness

In finance, moneyness is the relative position of the current price (or future price) of an underlying asset (e.g., a stock) with respect to the strike price of a derivative, most commonly a call option or a put option. Moneyness is firstly a three-fold classification: if the derivative would make money if it were to expire today, it is said to be in the money, while if it would not make money it is said to be out of the money, and if the current price and strike price are equal, it is said to be at the money. There are two slightly different definitions, according to whether one uses the current price (spot) or future price (forward), specified as ""at the money spot"" or ""at the money forward"", etc.This rough classification can be quantified by various definitions to express the moneyness as a number, measuring how far the asset is in the money or out of the money with respect to the strike – or conversely how far a strike is in or out of the money with respect to the spot (or forward) price of the asset. This quantified notion of moneyness is most importantly used in defining the relative volatility surface: the implied volatility in terms of moneyness, rather than absolute price. The most basic of these measures is simple moneyness, which is the ratio of spot (or forward) to strike, or the reciprocal, depending on convention. A particularly important measure of moneyness is the likelihood that the derivative will expire in the money, in the risk-neutral measure. It can be measured in percentage probability of expiring in the money, which is the forward value of a binary call option with the given strike,and is equal to the auxiliary N(d2) term in the Black–Scholes formula. This can also be measured in standard deviations, measuring how far above or below the strike price the current price is, in terms of volatility; this quantity is given by d2. Another closely related measure of moneyness is the Delta of a call or put option, which is often used by traders but actually equals N(d1), not N(d2), and there are others, with convention depending on market.
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