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Emerging and re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging and re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

... the globe in a nonseasonal pandemic characterized by a high attack rate and a mortality rate in excess of three times that seen during a typical year. The most dramatic example of a severe pandemic occurred between 1918 and 1919, when the "Spanish flu" killed approximately 700,000 Americans during a ...
Influenza - Hightstown Medical Associates
Influenza - Hightstown Medical Associates

... • Children receiving long–term aspirin therapy • Health care providers • Family members who may spread the infection to persons with any of the problems listed above • Persons providing essential community services (such as police and fire department personnel) ...
Swine flu the good news and the bad news
Swine flu the good news and the bad news

... Swine flu the good news and the bad news; In brief the bad news is that swine flu has arrived, and is spreading rapidly, the good news, so far it is less severe than our usual “seasonal” flu. As we all know, we are in the early stages of an influenza pandemic. This pandemic has been long anticipated ...
Case Detection and Clinical Management during the Inter
Case Detection and Clinical Management during the Inter

... management of fever and dehydration, pain relief, and recognition of deterioration in status. Patients should also receive information on infection control measures to follow at home. 4. Patients care for at home – patients should be separated from other household members as much as possible. All ho ...
Guidelines Avian Influenza Bird Flu 2008.
Guidelines Avian Influenza Bird Flu 2008.

...  45mg twice daily for >15 to 23 kg  60mg twice daily for >23 to 40kg  75mg twice daily for >40kg • Children up to 1 year of age: not recommended Once started the patient must complete the whole course of Oseltamivir. Evidence for effectiveness of treatment The evidence for effectiveness of oselt ...
Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan
Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan

... pandemic to start: 1) a new influenza virus subtype must emerge; 2) it must infect humans and causes serious illness; and 3) it must spread easily and sustainably among humans. The purpose of this plan is to prepare for the presence of novel influenza virus in this facility as well as its potential ...
Influenza - Lung Foundation Australia
Influenza - Lung Foundation Australia

... All high risk persons should be vaccinated with a new vaccine each year since yearly vaccination has been found to be effective in preventing severe symptoms. It can be lifesaving in many cases. Doctors, nurses and others caring for high risk people should be vaccinated. Medical staff and nurses loo ...
INTRODUCTION During the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A
INTRODUCTION During the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A

... influenza-like illness (ILI) to severe or even fatal complications, including rapidly progressive pneumonia has been described. Most commonly reported symptoms included cough, fever, sore throat, muscle aches, malaise, and headache. In some patients, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomitin ...
Influenza A(H5N1) in Humans: Outbreak Investigation in an
Influenza A(H5N1) in Humans: Outbreak Investigation in an

... Note whether the following statements used to define who is a close contact of this probable case are true or false. ...
Swine Flu: Quadruple reassortant” Virus
Swine Flu: Quadruple reassortant” Virus

... swine influenza viruses. The scientists call this a ‘quadruple reassortant” virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) worldwide more than 209 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1. Respiratory failure resul ...
Editable Funding Fact Sheet
Editable Funding Fact Sheet

... deaths, more than <20,000> doctors room and emergency room visits, and more than <500,000> work and school days lost. These figures add up and the bottom line is a major impact on the health of state residents, not to mention lost wages, lost learning and added healthcare costs. If flu viruses did n ...
Swine Flu Vaccination
Swine Flu Vaccination

... more than that of first world war) • Asian Flu (1957-58): H2N2 in China in February 1957; by June 1957 spread to US; 70,000 deaths • Hong Kong Flu (1968-1969): H3N2 in Hong Kong in early 1968; later spread to US; 34,000 deaths ...
Appendix 20: Vaccine Priority Group
Appendix 20: Vaccine Priority Group

... Use PEP to control small well-defined disease clusters and to protect individuals with a known exposure to a pandemic virus, such as household contacts. ...
Final Case Study - Cal State LA
Final Case Study - Cal State LA

... dose of TIV and 46 children unvaccinated • Vaccine effectiveness (VE) in children vaccinated against influenza had a lower risk of laboratory confirmed medically attended influenza illness than the unvaccinated children ▫ vaccinated children as compared with unvaccinated children was 86% ▫ partially ...
Influenza Final 1-04
Influenza Final 1-04

... that often occurs in epidemic proportions in the late fall and winter months. One to four days after coming into contact with the virus (usually by inhaling it from another infected person), the patient characteristically has an abrupt onset of high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, cough, runn ...
adhd medication trial protocol
adhd medication trial protocol

... generalized discomfort. The onset is usually rapid, with the severity of the symptoms depending on the age, prior conditions, and even the time of day. Most influenza epidemics create symptoms that last for 5 to 10 days. Influenza cannot be helped by antibiotics as can bacterial infections like stre ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Documented exposure to a confirmed, probable, or suspected human H5N1 case The time interval between contact with a suspected, probable, or confirmed H5N1 case and illness onset is 7 days or less No other apparent source of H5N1 exposure 3 or more cases are reported H5N1 is isolated from common envi ...
CompleteSummaryH5N1Others26thDecemberFormated
CompleteSummaryH5N1Others26thDecemberFormated

... This discussion relates to both seasonal (“ordinary”) influenza and to H5N1 influenza. H5N1 is but one cause of bird flu. It is also known as “highly pathogenic avian influenza” (HPAI) because it normally kills all poultry it infects. It can be transmitted from birds to human where it generally caus ...
Epidemiology of Air-borne Diseases - University of Yeditepe Faculty
Epidemiology of Air-borne Diseases - University of Yeditepe Faculty

... even in developed countries. • Due to its high communicability, even a minor decrease in immunization coverage can result in rapidly spreading outbreaks and re-establishment of endemic transmission, as noted in the United Kingdom in the recent past. • Unvaccinated children and young adults are at a ...
HPAI: Clinical Signs
HPAI: Clinical Signs

... Only subtypes H5 and H7 of influenza A virus recently defined as highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) that have caused AI in poultry. ...
Document
Document

... Three conditions need to be met • New influenza virus sub-type emerges • Can infect and cause serious illness in humans • It spreads easily and in a sustainable fashion among humans ...
Avian Influenza
Avian Influenza

... • Infected birds shed the virus and susceptible birds become infected. • Poultry become infected by the migratory birds or by other poultry. • Humans become infected by infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. • If avian flu becomes contagious between people, it will be spread like other flu virus ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • More serious cases often travelled in crowded trains and in field hospitals- spreading infection • Very rapid spread throughout the world • Began to subside when doctors started to treat pneumonia with antibiotics ...
Swine Flu - RBS Medical
Swine Flu - RBS Medical

... • Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes influenza outbreaks. ...
WHO guidelines for investigation of human cases of avian influenza
WHO guidelines for investigation of human cases of avian influenza

... A(H5N1) infection. National and sub-national systems of surveillance and reporting for influenza need to be in place as appropriate. Laboratory-confirmation of a human case (i.e. an A(H5N1) positive test as determined by a laboratory using WHO standards for confirmation or a WHO H5 Reference Laborat ...
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Human mortality from H5N1

Human mortality from H5N1 or the human fatality ratio from H5N1 or the case-fatality rate of H5N1 refer to the ratio of the number of confirmed human deaths resulting from confirmed cases of transmission and infection of H5N1 to the number of those confirmed cases. For example, if there are 100 confirmed cases of humans infected with H5N1 and 10 die, then there is a 10% human fatality ratio (or mortality rate). H5N1 flu is a concern due to the global spread of H5N1 that constitutes a pandemic threat. The majority of H5N1 flu cases have been reported in southeast and east Asia. The case-fatality rate is central to pandemic planning. While estimates of case-fatality (CF) rates for past influenza pandemics have ranged from about 0.1% (1957 and 1968 pandemics) to 2.5% (1918 pandemic); the official World Health Organization estimate for the current outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza to date is around 60%. While the real H5N1 CF rate (what it would be if we had perfect knowledge) could be lower (one study suggests that the real H5N1 CF rate is closer to 14–33%); it is unlikely that, if it becomes a pandemic, it will go to the 0.1–0.4% level currently embraced by many pandemic plans.H5N1 infections in humans are generally caused by bird to human transmission of the virus. Until May 2006, the WHO estimate of the number of human to human transmission had been ""two or three cases"". On May 24, 2006, Dr. Julie L. Gerberding, director of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, estimated that there had been ""at least three."" On May 30, Maria Cheng, a WHO spokeswoman, said there were ""probably about half a dozen,"" but that no one ""has got a solid number."" The cases of suspected human to human transmission that continue to be found have been isolated and contained, and include transmission among members of a family in Sumatra, Indonesia in June 2006 as well as earlier and later instances arising in other countries. However, no pandemic strain of H5N1 has yet been found. The key point is that, at present, ""the virus is not spreading efficiently or sustainably among humans.""H5N1 vaccines for chickens exist and are sometimes used, although there are many difficulties that make it especially difficult to decide whether vaccination will do more harm than good. In the U.S. H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccines exist in quantities sufficient to inoculate a few million people and might be useful for priming to ""boost the immune response to a different H5N1 vaccine tailor-made years later to thwart an emerging pandemic"". Japan has inoculated 6,000 health care workers with a pre-pandemic vaccine, and is planning how to proceed with widespread vaccinations, particularly workers who would provide utilities during an outbreak. Switzerland is also considering preemptive vaccination to protect the general public. H5N1 pandemic vaccines and the technologies to rapidly create them are in the H5N1 clinical trials stage but cannot be verified as useful until after a pandemic strain emerges. Efforts to identify the changes that might result in a human-communicable strain have resulted in laboratory-generated H5N1 with substantially greater affinity for human cellular receptors after a change of just two of the H5 surface proteins. Significantly, mouse antibodies were 10 times less potent against the mutants than against the pre-mutated viruses.
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