• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Measuring and Modeling Execution Cost and Risk
Measuring and Modeling Execution Cost and Risk

... We are not aware of any paper that has shown empirically that there is a risk-return tradeoff in order execution. The payoff in cost reduction as a function of increased risk is not well understood. This is partly due to difficulty in obtaining order data, and to a lack of econometric techniques to ...
Block trade reporting for OTC derivatives markets, January
Block trade reporting for OTC derivatives markets, January

... Mercantile Exchange (CME) and Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) rules require reporting within five minutes for interest rate products during regular trading hours and 15 minutes at other times. Futures are relatively simple, fungible instruments that trade in markets with thousands of participants, inc ...
Quantifying Informational Linkages in a Global Model of Currency
Quantifying Informational Linkages in a Global Model of Currency

... structure of the price and trading data across markets, the GVAR model explicitly accounts for the dynamic interactions between prices and order flows simultaneously and across all of the currency markets in the system. Specifically, the GVAR model captures the interactions across currency markets ...
Risk and Return
Risk and Return

...  Asset 1 has expected return of .22 and SD of .32  Asset 2 has expected return of .13 and SD of .23  Covariance is .01104 ...
Price Impact of Block Trades in the Saudi Stock Market
Price Impact of Block Trades in the Saudi Stock Market

... compensated for taking the other side of the deal with a price concession in their favour. Large trades also move prices if there are no perfect substitutes for a particular stock. In this case, prices tend to change permanently as the buyer or seller has to offer a higher discount to make the deal ...
Dynamic predictor selection and order splitting in a limit order
Dynamic predictor selection and order splitting in a limit order

... distribution in stock markets, and yet the markets are informationally efficient. Certain agentbased theoretical models attempt to explain the empirical features in terms of investors’ ordersplitting or dynamic switching strategies, both of which are popularly used by actual stock investors. However ...
No Arbitrage Conditions For Simple Trading Strategies
No Arbitrage Conditions For Simple Trading Strategies

... In this section we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the no arbitrage property of non-negative strict local martingales (i.e. not true martingales, see e.g. [4]) with respect to the simple trading strategies S(F). A typical example of a strict local martingale is the inverse process o ...
PLANTILLA PPT CORPORATIVA BOLSA KIT IMAGEN
PLANTILLA PPT CORPORATIVA BOLSA KIT IMAGEN

... CCLV is a subsidiary company of Santiago Stock Exchange (97.27% owned by SSE). Operations begun on September 1, 2010. Manages two clearing and settlement systems:  Central Counterparty: for Equity Market and Derivatives.  Securities Settlement House: for long and short-term instruments, Repos. ...
an efficient market
an efficient market

... move quickly enough at the time an event occurs (announcement is made) to profit from the change, so this speaks to market efficiency in the semistrong form, On the other hand… • This evidence does not provide support for the strong form of the EMH because some investors are profiting from private i ...
THE MIRAGE OF TRIANGULAR ARBITRAGE IN THE SPOT
THE MIRAGE OF TRIANGULAR ARBITRAGE IN THE SPOT

... throughout the 24 hour trading day. In this paper we focus on triangular arbitrage within the FX market. Triangular arbitrage represents one of the simplest arbitrage opportunities. However, there is, to our knowledge, no truly rigorous and robust study of triangular arbitrage in the finance literat ...
The Mirage of Triangular Arbitrage in the Spot Foreign Exchange
The Mirage of Triangular Arbitrage in the Spot Foreign Exchange

... executable prices is likely to be less important if one is performing a low frequency study, arguably down to time scales of 10–15 minutes [6]. If, however, one is considering very high-frequency data, this difference becomes highly significant. For example, in [4] Goodhart and Figliuoli find a nega ...
Corresponding author - European Financial Management Association
Corresponding author - European Financial Management Association

... Christie and Huang (1995) and Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000) (henceforth referred to as CH and CCK, respectively) are often referenced in herding literature in connection with this idea. According to these authors, intentional herding implies a follow-theleader relationship that might be statistica ...
2. Basics of Options
2. Basics of Options

... Arbitrage – an Example Is there an arbitrage opportunity if the following are the market prices of the assets: The price of one share of stock is $39; The price of a call option on that stock, which expires in one year and has an exercise price of $40, is $7.25; The price of a put option on that st ...
Emerging Market Repo
Emerging Market Repo

... Morgan Stanley Dean Witter does not undertake to advise you of changes in its opinion or information. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter and others associated with it may make markets or specialize in, have positions in and effect transactions in securities of issuers mentioned and may also perform or seek ...
Prestigious Stock Exchanges - Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Prestigious Stock Exchanges - Federal Reserve Bank of New York

... financial centers are growing in importance and which ones are losing stature. Analysis of such variables does indeed suggest that U.S. markets have been losing ground. Indeed, studies have shown that the Eurobond market has become the world’s largest bond market in recent years (Peristiani 2007; Pe ...
Investing in Stocks Chapter Sixteen
Investing in Stocks Chapter Sixteen

...  price of one share of stock divided by the earnings per share of stock over the last 12 months  a low number means could be a good time to buy it, however many technology stocks have high P-Es  Look at the beta for the stock  stock with a beta >1.0 means more volatility ...
Download attachment
Download attachment

... buyers and sellers, thus, reducing the risks of investing. Just imagine how difficult it would be to sell shares if you had to call around the neighborhood trying to find a buyer. Really, a stock market is nothing more than a super-sophisticated farmers market linking buyers and sellers. ...
The synchronized and long-lasting structural change on
The synchronized and long-lasting structural change on

... markets. Afterwards, a structural break occurs in the data. During the second and third quarters of 2008, the correlations depart from zero and move temporarily to negative territories, and then move in late September, early October 2008 to positive levels, where they have remained almost constant s ...
Futures on EUR/USD Exchange Rate
Futures on EUR/USD Exchange Rate

... The present Specifications of the futures contract on EUR/USD exchange rate (hereinafter the Specifications) establish the standard terms of the given futures contract. The present Specifications together with the Clearing Rules of CJSC RTS Clearing Center (hereinafter the Clearing Center), Derivati ...
Futures Pricing
Futures Pricing

... requirements, futures contracts are actually very often used in practice for hedging purposes – Can be used for duration hedging or more complex hedging strategies (see Chapters 5 and 6) ...
PowerShares Dynamic US Market UCITS ETF 31 May 2017
PowerShares Dynamic US Market UCITS ETF 31 May 2017

... The Historic Yield reflects the distributions declared over the past twelve months as a percentage of the NAV at the beginning of the next period. Investors may be subject to tax on their distributions. The performance shown does not take account of the commissions and costs incurred on the issue an ...
Business 7e - Pride, Hughes, Kapor
Business 7e - Pride, Hughes, Kapor

... corporations in raising funds, usually by helping sell new issues of stocks, bonds, or other financial securities • High-risk investment—an investment (e.g., an IPO) made in the uncertain hope of earning a relatively large profit in a short time • Institutional investors—pension funds, insurance com ...
Decimalization and market liquidity
Decimalization and market liquidity

... making a relatively small trade generally faces improved liquidity, since the trade can be executed at a narrower spread. For institutional investors making large trades, however, the lower depth may imply that a large trade must travel through several prices before being fulfilled, and thus decimal ...
Risk
Risk

... • The market is considered to be complete when investors can structure any set of state-contingent claims by investing in the appropriate portfolio of Arrow-Debreu securities • In other words, (1) there are enough independent assets to “span” the entire set of all possible risk exposures; (2) The ma ...
Causative Factors of Downturn in Growth and Performance of Stock
Causative Factors of Downturn in Growth and Performance of Stock

... The March 2005 stock market Crash* is another example of internal crisis caused by the stock brokers itself. That crash at Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange took away around $ 13 Billions. A Stock Market crash is sudden dramatic decline of the share prices in the stock market. Such cr ...
< 1 ... 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 ... 89 >

Algorithmic trading

Algorithmic trading, also called algo trading and blackbox trading, encompasses trading systems that are heavily reliant on complex mathematical formulas and high-speed, computer programs to determine trading strategies. These strategies use electronic platforms to enter trading orders with an algorithm which executes pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for a variety of variables such as timing, price, and volume. Algorithmic trading is widely used by investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and other buy-side (investor-driven) institutional traders, to divide large trades into several smaller trades to manage market impact and risk.Algorithmic trading may be used in any investment strategy or trading strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure speculation (including trend following). The investment decision and implementation may be augmented at any stage with algorithmic support or may operate completely automatically.Many types of algorithmic or automated trading activities can be described as high-frequency trading (HFT), which is a specialized form of algorithmic trading characterized by high turnover and high order-to-trade ratios. As a result, in February 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formed a special working group that included academics and industry experts to advise the CFTC on how best to define HFT. HFT strategies utilize computers that make elaborate decisions to initiate orders based on information that is received electronically, before human traders are capable of processing the information they observe. Algorithmic trading and HFT have resulted in a dramatic change of the market microstructure, particularly in the way liquidity is provided.Profitability projections by the TABB Group, a financial services industry research firm, for the US equities HFT industry were US$1.3 billion before expenses for 2014, significantly down on the maximum of US$21 billion that the 300 securities firms and hedge funds that then specialized in this type of trading took in profits in 2008, which the authors had then called ""relatively small"" and ""surprisingly modest"" when compared to the market's overall trading volume. In March 2014, Virtu Financial, a high-frequency trading firm, reported that during five years the firm as a whole was profitable on 1,277 out of 1,278 trading days, losing money just one day, empirically demonstrating the law of large numbers benefit of trading thousands to millions of tiny, low-risk and low-edge trades every trading day.A third of all European Union and United States stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms. As of 2009, studies suggested HFT firms accounted for 60-73% of all US equity trading volume, with that number falling to approximately 50% in 2012. In 2006, at the London Stock Exchange, over 40% of all orders were entered by algorithmic traders, with 60% predicted for 2007. American markets and European markets generally have a higher proportion of algorithmic trades than other markets, and estimates for 2008 range as high as an 80% proportion in some markets. Foreign exchange markets also have active algorithmic trading (about 25% of orders in 2006). Futures markets are considered fairly easy to integrate into algorithmic trading, with about 20% of options volume expected to be computer-generated by 2010. Bond markets are moving toward more access to algorithmic traders.Algorithmic trading and HFT have been the subject of much public debate since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission said in reports that an algorithmic trade entered by a mutual fund company triggered a wave of selling that led to the 2010 Flash Crash. The same reports found HFT strategies may have contributed to subsequent volatility by rapidly pulling liquidity from the market. As a result of these events, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its second largest intraday point swing ever to that date, though prices quickly recovered. (See List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.) A July, 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an international body of securities regulators, concluded that while ""algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk, their usage was also clearly a contributing factor in the flash crash event of May 6, 2010."" However, other researchers have reached a different conclusion. One 2010 study found that HFT did not significantly alter trading inventory during the Flash Crash. Some algorithmic trading ahead of index fund rebalancing transfers profits from investors.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report