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Pepco Holdings` Distributed Energy Resources

... trademark, manufacturer , or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement , recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof . The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Gove ...
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... limit the amount of current flowing in circuits or parts of circuits. Resistors are roughly cylindrical and have coloured stripes. They also have connection wires sticking out of each end. The stripes indicate the value of the resistors. The colours represent numerical values according to a special ...
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... The reference system consists of a band-gap circuit, four digital to analog converter outputs (DACs), and smoothing filters. The reference system provides independent set-point voltages to the PWM control loops of each channel, and are programmed via the 4-wire serial port. Output control of the reg ...
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... Figure 1 is the schematic for the EV kit as shipped. The output matching components (L1, L2, C4, and C5) are optimized for an output frequency of 900MHz. Capacitor C1 is a DC-blocking capacitor for the LO input port. To reduce the possibility of noise pickup, resistor R2 and capacitor C9 form a lowp ...
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< 1 ... 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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