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M2 : DC Machines
M2 : DC Machines

AD01414611470
AD01414611470

... But every H-bridge cell has isolated dc capacitor and balancing problem of capacitor voltages exists in this configuration. STATCOM is often requested to operate under asymmetrical condition by power system faults, such as one line grounding or two-line short circuit. These kinds of faults cause unb ...
DS2731 Cache-Memory Battery-Backup Management IC General Description Features
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... The DS2731 is a complete power-management solution for modular backup applications. It is well suited for 2.5V and below memory bus voltages. It has a 12V supply input for battery charging and a 3.3V aux supply input for power failure circuitry and memory voltage regulation. The DS2731 includes an i ...
Stray Voltage Test Procedure for Electrical Contractors
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... Small electrical potentials or voltages between any metal structure or equipment and floor surfaces, are natural, explainable and expected phenomena in buildings served by grounded neutral electrical systems. The voltage develops as a result of current returning to the source through the grounded ne ...
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... Relay – refers to an electromechanical relay. Remote – set point is adjusted using a remote potentiometer. Panel – the form factor of this controller is mounted through a hole cut in the panel. PI – Proportional and Integral, a control algorithm mode with two functions: proportional action dampens t ...
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... power frequency AC cycle (a pulse phase analysis  plot, sometimes known as a phase‐resolved PD  plot—see Figure 2).  In the past the TGA‐B was  expecting either 50 Hz or 60 Hz power fre‐ quency.  If the frequency was neither of these,  then the instrument would not “synchronize”.   ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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