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Anti-Lock Brake Syst..
Anti-Lock Brake Syst..

INSTRUCTION MANUAL DISTANCE RELAY GRZ100
INSTRUCTION MANUAL DISTANCE RELAY GRZ100

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... The RAS consists of two power relays (out and in) at Cranbrook substation that continually monitors the power flow on the 5L94 circuit. If the power flow on 5L94 exceeds 45 MW from Cranbrook or 100 MW into Cranbrook, the “out” power relay or “in” power relay allows a transfer trip signal to be sent ...
303 ALBERTA-BC INTERCONNECTION OPERATION 1. Purpose
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... The BC system does not have underfrequency tripping of 5L94 initiating at the Cranbrook substation. This scheme is local except SCADA communication for alarm. ...
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... The oscillator frequency is mainly determined by Rt . Ct, provided R2  2Rt and R2 . C2  Rt . Ct. The function of R2 is to minimize the influence of the forward voltage across the input protection diodes on the frequency. The stray capacitance C2 should be kept as small as possible. In consideratio ...
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... - Input-Dependent Sampling Instant A MOS device turns off when VGS < VTH. If the clock transition time is nonzero, then the exact time at which the switch turns off depends on the input level: ...
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... and assures a hazard free counting sequence. The 10/8 decoded outputs are normally in the logical ‘‘0’’ state and go to the logical ‘‘1’’ state only at their respective time slot. Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle. The carry-out signal completes a full cycle for every 10/8 cloc ...
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... compared to protons or heavy ions. A simple example is the fact, that electrons are relativistic just after the first LINAC modules, while for protons several 100 m long LINACs or even a synchrotron is needed to reach significant relativistic conditions. Another difference is the emission of synchro ...
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... Transformer losses can be viewed as the power consumed (used) by the transformer when performing work. The harder the transformer works, the more power consumed by the transformer and the larger the losses. The transformer losses can be looked at as if the transformer was a variable load connected t ...
gate circuit
gate circuit

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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