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Printed Circuit Board Layout
Printed Circuit Board Layout

... designs are the direct result of neglecting to consider where the signal currents were likely to flow. Although this has already been discussed in a previous section, the subject of current path identification is so crucial to good printed circuit board design that it's worth reviewing the main conc ...
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... Power line communication is the art of sending data through power lines. It can provide spectrum of services such as internet, home automation and home entertainment. Major problem associated with this is the isolation of power line. One of the solutions for the above problem is integrating power li ...
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... voltage and I/O voltage in a processor based system. Both step-down converters enter a low power mode at light load for maximum efficiency across the widest possible range of load currents. For low noise applications, the devices can be forced into fixed frequency PWM mode by pulling the MODE pin hi ...
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Transmission Line Protection System for Increasing Power System
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... Applying these algorithms and logics results in a protective system suitable for increasing power system requirements such as heavy loading, SPT, series line compensation, and shunt line compensation. Keywords-distance; frequency; high-speed; line; overreach; polarization; protection; secondary-arc; ...
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... amount of power that is used can vary (blue). As one might understand this is not the most efficient use of power, but it does offer a very clear advantage: the output of shunt regulators usually has extremely low amounts of noise. This makes it a favorite choice for audio applications. From a DIY p ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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