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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676, p-ISSN: 2320-3331
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676, p-ISSN: 2320-3331

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... Electronics Input, process, output All electronics systems consist of three parts, the input, process and output. We can show these as a block diagram. ...
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... convert clock. Once the signal is captured by the input trackand-hold amplifier, the bits are sequentially encoded starting with the Most Significant Bit (MSB). This process results in a data latency of 10 clock cycles after which the output data is available as a 14-bit parallel word either coded i ...
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... gain figure is determined by the external matching networks situated ahead of LNA and between the LNA output LNO (Pin 6) and the Mixer Inputs MI and MIX (Pins 8 and 9). The noise figure of the LNA is approximately 2dB, the current consumption is 500µA. The gain can be reduced by approximately 18dB. ...
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... apply this voltage. Unlike an incandescent light bulb, the flash tube does not have a wire inside it between the two electrodes. Rather, the tube is filled with a gas. Under normal conditions the gas does not provide a path for current flow from one electrode to the other. That is, under normal con ...
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... Fig. 8-19: Voltage tests to localize an open circuit. (a) Normal circuit with voltages to chassis ground. (b) Reading of 0 V at point D shows R3 is open. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
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please do not remove this page
please do not remove this page

... removal rate (MRR) of 2 – 400 mm3/min can be achieved depending on applications [3,4]. Since PCD is electrically conductive, it is possible to grind PCD tools using EDM technology. As PCD is a relatively low bulk conductivity material, the discharging characteristics of PCD are different from conven ...
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MAX11212 18-Bit, Single-Channel, Ultra-Low Power, Delta- Sigma ADC with 2-Wire Serial Interface

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... enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products ...
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... As seen in the previous exercise, primary and secondary voltages in delta-delta and wye-wye connections are in phase and the voltage at the secondary is equal to the voltage at the primary times the inverse of the turns ratio. In delta-wye and wye-delta connections however, there will be a 30o phase ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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