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3-2- Theory
3-2- Theory

Fence Detection and Control
Fence Detection and Control

... to why the system that they prefer or use is superior. In fact these two methods are rather complimentary to one another than supplementary as their individual pros and cons combined allow for a better detection system. However very few manufacturers supply a system using both methods. Presence of P ...
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... Due to very large open loop gain, distortion is introduced in the amplified output signal. The open loop gain does not remain constant, it varies with change in temperature and power supply as well as due to mass production technique. The bandwidth of an Op amp in open loop mode is very very small – ...
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... CS (current sense) The current sense signal is fed to this pin. Inside the IC, three comparators are provided for 3 level OCP function. If the voltage on CS pin is higher than the first threshold, IC will increase the switching frequency to limit the maximum output power of the converter. If the vol ...
this PDF file
this PDF file

... The beginnings of the Matrix Converter date back to the late 1970s. Nowadays, the name “Matrix Converter” is used to label any power topology that can be organized into sub blocks placed in a matrix shape. In this paper “Matrix Converter” refers to the symmetrical 3×3 topology provided by nine bidir ...
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... Figure 1 shows the gap that can occur in the slot, adjacent to the coil surface, since the coil is undersized. An equivalent circuit, only slightly different from the groundwall case, is shown in Figure 1. A surprisingly large percentage of the applied voltage will appear across the air gap. If the ...
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... RF Mixer Circuits  In the simple diode mixer of (1), the LO is capacitively coupled. C1 is always small in value because the LO frequency is almost always higher than he RF;  more importantly, the high impedance of the small C1 allows for isolation of the oscillator circuit from the mixer, while ...
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... can generate a wide range of output voltage at the input voltage range (4.5V to 18V). Space-saving and high efficient switching regulator can be achieved due to built-in N-MOSFET power transistors. The IC also incorporates constant ON TIME control mode which facilitates ultra-high transient response ...
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... Y-axis. In the frequency over time measurement trace, delta-Hz, percent of the y-axis reference frequency, or ppm formats are supported; as well as limit line testing. Up to 10 markers can be used on one trace to search for peak/ maximum/minimum/target values allowing for detailed analysis. Markers ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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